Table 1.
Cases of anthelmintic resistance in sheep and goats.
| Species | Country | Anthelmintica (Class) | Nematode genera | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Goats | Ethiopia | Albendazole, Tetramisole, Ivermectin (BZ, IMID, AVM) | H. contortus, Trichostrongylus, Teladorsagia spp | Sissay et al., (2006), Kumsa and Abebe (2009) |
| Uganda | Albendazole, Levamisole, Ivermectin (BZ, IMID, AVM) | H. contortus, Cooperia spp. Oesophagostomum spp | Byaruhanga and Okwee-Acai, 2013 | |
| Nigeria | H. contortus | Chiejina et al. (2010) | ||
| Pakistan | Oxfendazole, Levamisole (BZ, IMID) | H. contortus, T. colubriformis | Saeed et al. (2010) | |
| Sheep | Zimbabwe | Fenbendazole, Albendazole, Oxfendazole, Levamisole (BZ, IMID) | H. contortus, Cooperia spp. | Mukaratirwa et al. (1997), Matika et al. (2003) |
| Zimbabwe | Fenbendazole, Levamisole, Rafoxanide (BZ, IMID, SCL) | H. contortus | Boersema and Pandey (1997) | |
| Zambia | Ivermectin, Albendazole (AVM, BZ) | H. contortus | Gabriel et al. (2001) | |
| Germany | Levamisole, Ivermectin (IMID, AVM) | Trichostrongylus spp | Voigt et al. (2012) | |
| Brazil | Ivermectin (AVM) | H. contortus, | Fortes et al. (2013) | |
| Northern Ireland | Benzimidazole, Moxidectin, AvermectinLevamisole (BZ, MLB, AVM, IMID) | Trichostrongylus Teladorsagia, Cooperia spp. | McMahon et al. (2013) | |
| Sheep/goats | South Africa | Albendazole, Closantel, Ivermectin, Levamisole (BZ, SCL, AVM, IMID) | H. contortus, Trichostrongylus, Oesophagostomum spp | Bakunzi et al. (2013), Tsotetsi et al. (2013) |
| Kenya | Ivermectin,Fenbendazole (AVM, BZ) | H.contortus, Trichostrongylus,Oesophagostomum spp. | Mwamachi et al. (1995) | |
| Switzerland | Avermectin (AVM) | Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus spp | Artho et al. (2007) | |
| Norway | Albendazole (BZ) | Teladorsagia, Trichostrongylus spp | Domke et al. (2012) | |
| India | Fenbendazole, Benzimidazole (BZ) | H. contortus, Trichostrongylus spp | Rialch et al. (2013) | |
| India | Thiabendazole, Tetramisole (BZ, IMID) | H. contortus | Swarnkar and Singh (2011) | |
| Philippines | Benzimidazoles (BZ) | H. contortus | Ancheta et al. (2004) | |
a
Benzimidazoles—BZ; Macrocyclic lactones- ML (Avermectins-AVM or Milbemycin−MLB; Nicotinic agonists (Imidothiazoles-IMID or Tetrahydropyrimidines-TETR); Aminoacetonitriles derivatives-AAD; Salicylanilides-SCL.