Table 1.
Baseline characteristics by medication and visit adherence
| Baseline characteristic | Medication adherence* | Visit adherence† | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Adequate adherence | P-value | N | Adequate adherence | P-value | |
| Gender, n (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Male | 16,344 | 11,942 (73.1) | 17,343 | 12,464 (71.9) | ||
| Female | 14,020 | 9,955 (71.0) | 15,395 | 9,656 (62.7) | ||
| Age group, n (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| 55–64 | 13,037 | 9,481 (72.7) | 14,014 | 9,191 (65.6) | ||
| 65–74 | 12,250 | 8,885 (72.5) | 13,176 | 9,152 (69.5) | ||
| ≥75 | 5,077 | 3,531 (69.5) | 5,548 | 3,777 (68.1) | ||
| Race and Ethnicity, n (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Black | 10,616 | 7,269 (68.5) | 11,572 | 6,950 (60.1) | ||
| Non-Black Hispanic | 4,377 | 2,772 (63.3) | 5,146 | 2,784 (54.1) | ||
| Non-Black Non-Hispanic | 15,371 | 11,856 (77.1) | 16,020 | 12,386 (77.3) | ||
| Education, n (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| < High school | 12,076 | 8,340 (69.1) | 13,215 | 8,530 (64.5) | ||
| High school | 8,194 | 6,068 (74.1) | 8,700 | 6,157 (70.8) | ||
| Beyond high school | 8,138 | 6,137 (75.4) | 8,609 | 6,263 (72.7) | ||
| Type II Diabetes, n (%) | 0.721 | <0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 10,879 | 14,065 (72.2) | 11,810 | 7,757 (65.7) | ||
| No | 19,485 | 7,832 (72.0) | 20,928 | 14,363 (68.6) | ||
| Smoking, n (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Current | 6,596 | 4,673 (70.8) | 7,121 | 4,657 (65.4) | ||
| Past | 12,395 | 9,112 (73.5) | 13,212 | 9,462 (71.6) | ||
| Never | 11,372 | 8,111 (71.3) | 12,403 | 8,001 (64.5) | ||
| Self-assessed baseline health, n (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Excellent | 1,735 | 1,312 (75.6) | 1,813 | 1,332 (73.5) | ||
| Very good | 7,090 | 5,249 (74.0) | 7,639 | 5,415 (70.9) | ||
| Good | 13,490 | 9,747 (72.3) | 14,593 | 9,873 (67.7) | ||
| Fair | 6,905 | 4,748 (68.8) | 7,440 | 4,790 (64.4) | ||
| Poor | 837 | 609 (72.8) | 917 | 530 (57.8) | ||
| Unknown | 307 | 232 (75.6) | 336 | 180 (53.6) | ||
| Practice type, n (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Private | 8,895 | 5,867 (66.0) | 9,845 | 6,169 (62.7) | ||
| Group | 6,035 | 4,705 (78.0) | 6,403 | 4,621 (72.2) | ||
| HMO | 872 | 690 (79.1) | 1,150 | 567 (49.3) | ||
| Community Health Center | 2,519 | 1,796 (71.3) | 2,663 | 1,674 (62.9) | ||
| University | 2,878 | 2,060 (71.6) | 3,011 | 2,195 (72.9) | ||
| Other | 2,530 | 1,940 (76.7) | 2,744 | 1,795 (65.4) | ||
| VAMC | 5,340 | 3,924 (73.5) | 5,503 | 4,541 (82.5) | ||
| Unknown | 1,295 | 915 (70.7) | 1,419 | 558 (39.3) | ||
| Clinic enrollment volume, n (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| 1–33 participants | 3135 | 2086 (66.5) | 3299 | 2077 (63.0) | ||
| 34–54 participants | 3161 | 2332 (73.8) | 3318 | 2262 (68.2) | ||
| 55–74 participants | 3220 | 2404 (74.7) | 3388 | 2389 (70.5) | ||
| 75–100 participants | 3255 | 2269 (69.7) | 3393 | 2497 (73.6) | ||
| 101–125 participants | 2865 | 2233 (77.9) | 3008 | 2126 (70.7) | ||
| 126–170 participants | 3104 | 2196 (70.7) | 3339 | 2276 (68.2) | ||
| 171–215 participants | 3176 | 2392 (75.3) | 3313 | 2570 (77.6) | ||
| 216–325 participants | 2940 | 2310 (78.6) | 3354 | 2307 (68.8) | ||
| 326–491 participants | 2833 | 2044 (72.1) | 3360 | 1738 (51.7) | ||
| 492–607 participants | 2675 | 1631 (61.0) | 2966 | 1878 (63.3) | ||
| Baseline medication use, n (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| On drug therapy ≥ 2 months | 26,375 | 19,174 (72.7) | 28,416 | 19,486 (68.6) | ||
| On drug therapy < 2 months | 1,025 | 701 (68.4) | 1,114 | 684 (61.4) | ||
| Currently untreated | 2,964 | 2,022 (68.2) | 3,207 | 1,950 (60.8) | ||
| HDL cholesterol < 35 mg/dl, n (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 3,608 | 2,732 (75.7) | 3,829 | 2,842 (74.2) | ||
| No | 26,756 | 19,165 (71.6) | 28,909 | 19,278 (66.7) | ||
| Aspirin use, n (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 11,053 | 8,300 (75.1) | 11,737 | 8,654 (73.7) | ||
| No | 18,955 | 13,348 (70.4) | 20,591 | 13,260 (64.4) | ||
| Geographic region, n (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Northeast | 4,637 | 3,399 (73.3) | 4,918 | 3,489 (70.9) | ||
| Midwest | 5,704 | 4,141 (72.6) | 5,932 | 4,510 (76.0) | ||
| South | 12,799 | 9,471 (74.0) | 13,624 | 8,963 (65.8) | ||
| West | 3,045 | 2,183 (71.7) | 3,164 | 2,408 (76.1) | ||
| Canada | 537 | 422 (78.6) | 542 | 509 (93.9) | ||
| Puerto Rico/Virgin Islands | 3,642 | 2,281 (62.6) | 4,558 | 2,241 (49.2) | ||
| Possible disability, n (%) | 0.712 | <0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 5,533 | 3,979 (71.9) | 5,836 | 4,414 (75.6) | ||
| No | 24,831 | 17,918 (72.2) | 26,902 | 17,706 (65.8) | ||
| ASCVD, n (%) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Yes | 10,965 | 8,145 (74.3) | 11,863 | 8,270 (69.7) | ||
| Sub-clinical | 8,487 | 5,749 (67.7) | 9,029 | 6,047 (67.0) | ||
| No | 10,912 | 8,003 (73.3) | 11,846 | 7,803 (65.9) | ||
| BMI, n (%) | 0.029 | 0.040 | ||||
| ≤30 | 17,602 | 12,607 (71.6) | 19,014 | 12,939 (68.1) | ||
| >30 | 12,672 | 9,221 (72.8) | 13,624 | 9,124 (67.0) | ||
| Randomized drug, n (%) | 0.028 | <0.001 | ||||
| Chlorthalidone | 13,890 | 10,075 (72.5) | 14,975 | 10,255 (68.5) | ||
| Amlodipine | 8,275 | 6,002 (72.5) | 8,875 | 6,094 (68.7) | ||
| Lisinopril | 8,199 | 5,820 (71.0) | 8,888 | 5,771 (64.9) | ||
*Medication Adherence is defined as poor adherence if the patient reported taking “Less than 80 % of the Step 1 medication” at any visit and adequate adherence otherwise
†Visit Adherence is defined as poor adherence if the patient attended < 80 % of scheduled visits within the study window and adequate adherence if they attended ≥ 80 % of scheduled visits within the study window