Table 1.
Types of NPs used | Mechanism of actions / advantages | Limitations | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
NPs as intrinsic antimicrobial agents | Silver NP [63, 64], Zinc oxide NP [71–76] |
|
Toxicity at high concentration | |
NPs for controlled delivery of antimicrobial agents | Antibiotics delivery | Liposomes [84, 85, 87], Polymeric NP [89, 90], Lipid-polymer hybrid NP [92] |
|
Insufficient drug loading |
NO delivery | Silica NP [97], Silane hydrogel- based NP [99–101] |
|
Difficulty of controlling the release kinetics of physiologically optimal concentrations of NO in the wound bed | |
Photosensitizer delivery | Porphyrin [109], Methylene blue [110], Rose bengals [111] |
|
Non-specific cytotoxic reactive oxygen species damage to host cells | |
Responsive NPs for anti-bacterial hyperthermia treatment | NIR light- triggered hyperthermia | Gold NP [112], Fe3O4 MNP [113], Graphene NP [114] |
|
Non-specific thermal damage to host cells |
AMF-triggered hyperthermia | Fe3O4 MNP [119–121] |
|
Non-specific thermal damage to host cells | |
NPs for enhanced penetration to the biofilm matrix | Surface charge functionalization Surface coating with EPS degrading molecules |
[127] [129] |
|