. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jul 1.

Published in final edited form as: Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2016 May 14;146-147:60–72. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2016.05.006

Table 3.

Preconception and prenatal manipulations associated with anxiety behaviors and epigenetic modifications

Brain region	Manipulation	Primary findings	Findings by sex		Species	Reference
			Males	Females
Hypothalamus	Prenatal restraint stress	↓ Crh methylation	✓	✓	SD rats	(Xu et al., 2014)
Cortex	Low omega-3 diet & western diet	↑ Bdnf methylation	✓	--	SD rats	(Tyagi et al., 2015)
	Prenatal restraint stress	↑ Reelin methylation	✓	✓	SD rats	(Palacios-Garcia et al., 2015)
	Paternal cocaine exposure	↑ association of H3 acetylation w/ Bdnf	✓	ns	SD rats	(Vassoler et al., 2013)
	Paternal ethanol exposure	↑ Peg3 methylation	ns	✓	KM mice	(Liang et al., 2014)

✓ = Significant; -- = Not Included; ns = Not Significant; SD = Sprague Dawley; KM = Kunming.