Table 5.
Adult and juvenile manipulations associated with anxiety behaviors and epigenetic modifications
| Brain region | Manipulation | Primary findings | Findings by sex | Species | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Males | Females | |||||
| Hippocampus | Kap1 knockout | ↓ H3K9me3 at Mkrn3 & Pcdhβ6 |
✓ | -- | TG mice | (Jakobsson et al., 2008) |
| ↑ H3 & H4 acetylation at Mkrn3 & Pcdhβ6 |
✓ | -- | ||||
| High anxiety strain | ↓ Dnmt1 expression in DG & CA3 |
✓ | -- | bLR-HR rats | (Simmons et al., 2013) | |
| ↑ Dnmt1 expression in CA1 |
✓ | -- | ||||
| High anxiety strain | ↑ Fgf2 methylation | ✓ | ✓ | bLR-HR rats | (Chaudhury et al., 2014) | |
| ↑ H3K9me3 | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Methyl-donor-deficient diet |
↓ Dnmt3a & Dnmt3b expression |
✓ | -- | C57BL/6J mice | (Ishii et al., 2014) | |
| Corticosterone administration |
↓ Fkbp5 methylation | ✓ | -- | C57BL/6J mice | (Yang et al., 2012) | |
| ↓ Dnmt1 expression | ✓ | -- | ||||
| Chronic unpredictable stress |
↓ H3K9 & H4K12 acetylation |
✓ | -- | SD rats | (Liu et al., 2014) | |
| ↑ Hdac5 expression | ✓ | -- | ||||
| Amygdala | miR-34c overexpression |
↑ anxiolytic behaviors | ✓ | -- | TG & C57BL/6J mice | (Haramati et al., 2011) |
| Chronic mild stress | ↑ Crhr1 methylation | ✓ | -- | Inbred strain (CD1 background) |
(Sotnikov et al., 2014) | |
| High anxiety strain | ↓ Dnmt1 expression in BL & L |
✓ | -- | bLR-HR rats | (Simmons et al., 2013) | |
| ↑ Dnmt1 expression in MN |
✓ | -- | ||||
| High anxiety strain | ↑ Fgf2 methylation | ✓ | ✓ | bLR-HR rats | (Chaudhury et al., 2014) | |
| ↑ H3K9me3 | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| Nucleus Accumbens |
High anxiety strain | ↑ H3K9me3 | ✓ | ✓ | bLR-HR rats | (Chaudhury et al., 2014) |
| Hypothalamus | Social defeat stress | ↓ Crf methylation | ✓ | -- | C57BL/6J mice | (Elliott et al., 2010) |
| ↓ Dnmt3b & Hdac2 expression |
✓ | -- | ||||
| Corticosterone administration |
↓ Fkbp5 methylation | ✓ | -- | C57BL/6J mice | (Lee et al., 2010) | |
| Raphe Nuclei | miR-135 knockdown | ↑ anxiogenic behaviors | ✓ | -- | C57BL/6 & TG mice | (Issler et al., 2014) |
| Prefrontal Cortex |
Mll1 deletion | ↓ H3K4me3 at multiple promoter regions |
✓ | ✓ | TG mice (C57BL/6J background) |
(Jakovcevski et al., 2015) |
| Gomafu knockdown | ↑ anxiolytic behaviors | ✓ | -- | C57BL/6 mice | (Spadaro et al., 2015) | |
✓ = Significant; -- = Not Included; SD = Sprague Dawley; TG = Transgenic; bLR-HR = Bred Low Responders and Bred High Responders.