Table 1. Selection of relevant ongoing clinical trials for synucleinopathies.

Information regarding clinical trials was found at clinicaltrials.gov as of January 2016.

Drug name	Phase	Identifier(s)	Target/mechanism	Condition	Sponsor	References
TARGETING ALPHA-SYNUCLEIN
Active immunotherapy: vaccines
AFFITOPE PD01A	I	NCT02270489	NP	Early MSA	Affiris	Schneeberger et al. 2012, Mandler et al. 2014
AFFITOPE PD03A	I	NCT02270489, NCT02267434	NP	Early MSA; Early PD	Affiris	Schneeberger et al. 2012, Mandler et al. 2014
Passive immunotherapy: antibodies
BIIB054	I	NCT02459886	NP	Healthy participants	Biogen
PRX002	I	NCT02157714	C-terminus α-syn	PD	Prothena Biosciences	Games et al. 2014
OTHER TARGETS
GDNF (gene therapy)	I	NCT01621581	Neurotrophic factor	PD	National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke	Richardson et al. 2011
Mesenchymal stem cells	I	NCT02315027	Regenerative	MSA	Mayo Clinic	Lee et al. 2012
Sargramostim (leukine)	I	NCT01882010	Cytokine	PD	Howard Gendelman, MD
Adipose-derived stromal stem cells	II	NCT01453803	Regenerative, anti-inflammatory, neurotrophic effects	PD	Ageless Regenerative Institute
AZD3241	II	NCT02388295	Myeloperoxidase inhibitor, microglia modulation	MSA	AstraZeneca	Stefanova et al. 2012, Kaindlstorfer et al. 2015
Glutathione (intranasal)	II	NCT02424708	Antioxidant	PD	Bastyr University
N-acetylcysteine	II	NCT02212678, NCT01470027	Glutathione precursor, antioxidant	PD	University of Minnesota; Cornell University
Nicotine (transdermal)	II	NCT01560754	Acetylcholine receptor agonist, neuroprotective	Early PD	James Boyd, MD
Caffeine	III	NCT01738178	Adenosine A2A receptor antagonist, neuroprotective	PD	McGill University Health Center
Epigallocatechin gallate	III	NCT02008721	Polyphenol, antioxidant	MSA	Johannes Levin, MD
Isradipine	III	NCT02168842	Calcium channel blocker, neuroprotective	Early PD	University of Rochester

NP, not provided; MSA, multiple system atrophy; PD, Parkinson’s disease.