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. 2016 May 17;389:921–929. doi: 10.1007/s00210-016-1255-1

Fig 1.

Fig 1

Force-frequency relations of human detrusor from stable and NDO bladders. a: force-frequency curves of human detrusor from stable (n = 16) or NDO (n = 18) bladders, and detrusor from NDO bladders treated with atropine (atr, n = 17). Inset: upper panel, nerve-mediated contractions (12 Hz stimulation) from an NDO bladder preparation, atropine was added as shown. The ratio of a*100/b is the atropine resistant value. Lower panel, a force-frequency response with two of three contractions at each frequency, except a single one at 40 Hz. b: f 1/2 values for detrusor from NDO bladders in the absence (NDO) and presence of atropine (NDO atr, n = 17). Lines connect values from the same preparations. c: Values (n = 17) of the ratio T 4/40 for human and T 4/20 for guinea-pig detrusor. Human NDO and guinea-pig values are also shown in the presence of atropine (atr) or ABMA. Values from stable bladder preparations (n = 16) are also shown; *p < 0.05 vs values in the absence of atropine or ABMA: #p < 0.05 human stable vs NDO detrusor in the absence of atropine or ABMA