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. 2016 Jul 11;10:59. doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2016.00059

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Copyright © 2016 Schulkin.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution and reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Calcaneal tuber length (CTL) and moment arm measurements. (Left) Sagittal MRI of foot and ankle. The white line is an approximation of the measurement for CTL, and the red line is the actual Achilles tendon moment arm. (Right) Relationship between CTL and Achilles tendon moment arm measurements. The correlation is significant (r = 0.95; p = 0.0002). The following ordinary least-squares regression line may be used to determine actual moment arm lengths from isolated calcanei (slope [95% confidence interval (CI)] = 1.00 [0.31]; intercept [95% CI] = −0.01 [0.54]; r² = 0.91). Source: adapted from Raichlen and Gordon (2011).