Table 3.
Educational attainment and lifetime smoking patterns in the New England Family Study
| Cigarette consumptiona |
Number of 24-hr quit attemptsb |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Educational attainment | Model Id (Full sample) RR (95% CI) |
Model IIe (Full sample) RR (95% CI) |
Model IIIf (Discordant siblings) RR (95% CI) |
Model Id (Full sample) RR (95% CI) |
Model IIe (Full sample) RR (95% CI) |
Model IIIf (Discordant siblings) RR (95% CI) |
| Less than high school or GED | 1.63 (1.38, 1.92) | 1.58 (1.31, 1.91) | 1.23 (0.80, 1.93) | 0.38 (0.23, 0.62) | 0.40 (0.23, 0.69) | 1.04 (0.39, 2.82) |
| High school degree | 1.46 (1.24, 1.72) | 1.41 (1.19, 1.67) | 1.28 (0.91, 1.81) | 0.70 (0.43, 1.14) | 0.77 (0.47, 1.27) | 1.97 (0.77, 5.06) |
| High school plus additional training | 1.43 (1.23, 1.67) | 1.34 (1.15, 1.57) | 1.10 (0.78, 1.56) | 0.69 (0.44, 1.09) | 0.69 (0.44, 1.09) | 1.33 (0.52, 3.40) |
| Some college | 1.36 (1.19, 1.55) | 1.33 (1.16, 1.53) | 1.22 (0.93, 1.60) | 0.58 (0.39, 0.87) | 0.70 (0.47, 1.04) | 1.30 (0.62, 2.73) |
| College graduate | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
|
Number of 3-month abstinence periodsb |
Smoking cessationc |
|||||
| Educational attainment | Model Id (Full sample) RR (95% CI) |
Model IIe (Full sample) RR (95% CI) |
Model IIIf (Discordant siblings) RR (95% CI) |
Model Id (Full sample) OR (95% CI) |
Model IIe (Full sample) OR (95% CI) |
Model IIIf,g (Discordant siblings) OR (95% CI) |
| Less than high school or GED | 0.50 (0.37, 0.66) | 0.59 (0.42, 0.83) | 0.61 (0.26, 1.46) | 0.22 (0.13, 0.37) | 0.34 (0.19, 0.62) | 1.01 (0.28, 3.64) |
| High school degree | 0.61 (0.47, 0.80) | 0.63 (0.47, 0.85) | 0.47 (0.27, 0.82) | 0.50 (0.33, 0.77) | 0.67 (0.41, 1.08) | |
| High school plus additional training | 0.78 (0.61, 1.00) | 0.84 (0.64, 1.09) | 0.98 (0.57, 1.71) | 0.53 (0.36, 0.79) | 0.64 (0.42, 1.00) | 0.88 (0.20, 3.80) |
| Some college | 0.84 (0.68, 1.03) | 0.88 (0.69, 1.10) | 0.70 (0.42, 1.14) | 0.65 (0.46, 0.92) | 0.78 (0.53, 1.15) | 1.13 (0.31, 4.14) |
| College graduate | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Cigarette consumption defined as the number of pack-years smoked during heaviest smoking phase. RRs obtained from negative binomial regression models, offset by the logarithm of the number of years’ duration of heaviest smoking phase.
Rate ratios obtained from negative binomial regression models.
Odds ratios obtained from discrete-time survival models including person-years at risk from age at regular smoking through age at cessation or censoring/age at interview.
Model I includes a random intercept for each sibling set.
Model II includes a random intercept for each sibling set, and adjusts for age, sex, race/ethnicity, age at regular smoking, parental occupation, parental education, household poverty, household crowding, parental separation, residential instability, paternal unemployment, maternal smoking during pregnancy, IQ, abnormal behaviour ratings, neurological soft signs, birthweight, medical conditions during first year of life and childhood asthma.
Model III is a fixed-effects/conditional analysis among siblings discordant for education, with adjustment for age, sex, age at regular smoking, maternal smoking during pregnancy, IQ, abnormal behaviour ratings, neurological soft signs, birthweight, medical conditions during first year of life and childhood asthma.
Less than high school or GED and high school degree categories combined because of sparse data.