Table 4.
Odds ratios, OR (and 95 % CI) of prostate cancer by major contributors to TAC: coffee, tea, berries, chocolate, boiled potatoes, multivitamins and vitamin C supplements, Cancer of the Prostate Sweden
| Coffee | None | <2 cups/day | 2–3cups/day | 4–5cups/day | ≥6 cups/day | p-trend |
| All prostate cancer | 139/98 | 150/121 | 644/491 | 413/295 | 143/107 | |
| Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 0.88(0.61–1.26) | 0.93(0.69–1.26) | 1.03(0.75–1.42) | 0.95(0.64–1.40) | 0.87 |
| Fatal prostate cancer | 14/44 | 32/175 | 103/491 | 68/295 | 15/107 | |
| Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 0.58(0.31–1.07) | 0.73(0.45–1.18) | 0.87(0.52–1.44) | 0.56(0.29–1.08) | 0.51 |
| Advanced prostate cancer | 47/121 | 47/121 | 207/491 | 151/295 | 53/107 | |
| Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 0.90(0.54–1.52) | 0.92(0.60–1.41) | 1.09(0.70–1.72) | 1.00(0.58–1.71) | 0.65 |
| Localized prostate cancer | 98/98 | 103/121 | 452/491 | 273/295 | 94/107 | |
| Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 0.86(0.57–1.28) | 0.98(0.70–1.36) | 1.04(0.72–1.48) | 0.93(0.60–1.44) | 0.86 |
| High grade prostate cancer | 30/98 | 22/121 | 98/491 | 62/295 | 19/107 | |
| Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 0.53(0.28–1.01) | 0.55(0.33–0.92) | 0.59(0.24–1.01) | 0.45(0.22–0.90) | 0.05 |
| Low grade prostate cancer | 55/98 | 79/121 | 313/491 | 177/295 | 69/107 | |
| Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.22(0.77–1.94) | 1.22(0.82–1.80) | 1.21(0.79–1.84) | 1.24(0.76–2.05) | 0.60 |
| Tea | None | <1cup/day | 1–2 cups/day | >2 cups/day | ||
| All prostate cancer | 605/484 | 370/262 | 439/310 | 75/56 | ||
| Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.12(0.91–1.37) | 1.09(0.89–1.34) | 0.97(0.65–1.44) | 0.98 | |
| Fatal prostate cancer | 142/484 | 73/262 | 83/310 | 9/56 | ||
| Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 0.95(0.66–1.36) | 0.90(0.64–1.26) | 0.60(0.28–1.30) | 0.16 | |
| Advanced prostate cancer | 230/484 | 131/262 | 121/310 | 17/56 | ||
| Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.06(0.81–1.40) | 0.86(0.64–1.15) | 0.67(0.37–1.23) | 0.12 | |
| Localized prostate cancer | 390/484 | 251/262 | 318/310 | 61/56 | ||
| Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.15(0.92–1.45) | 1.20(0.96–1.50) | 1.12(0.74–1.70) | 0.38 | |
| High grade prostate cancer | 94/484 | 65/262 | 63/310 | 9/18 | ||
| Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.27(0.88–1.83) | 0.92(0.63–1.36) | 0.64(0.29(1.40) | 0.17 | |
| Low grade prostate cancer | 265/484 | 166/262 | 221/310 | 41/56 | ||
| Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.12(0.86–1.45) | 1.25(0.97–1.62) | 1.12(0.70–1.81) | 0.33 | |
| Berries | None | 1–3 /month | >1–3/month | |||
| All prostate cancer | 276/231 | 739/482 | 474/399 | |||
| Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.16(0.93–1.44) | 0.90(0.70–1.44) | 0.08 | ||
| Fatal prostate cancer | 67/231 | 129/482 | 610/399 | |||
| Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 0.95(0.67–1.37) | 0.87(0.59–1.27) | 0.47 | ||
| Advanced prostate cancer | 98/231 | 236/482 | 164/399 | |||
| Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.15(0.85–1.55) | 0.90(0.65–1.25) | 0.15 | ||
| Localized prostate cancer | 186/321 | 513/482 | 321/399 | |||
| Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.16(0.91–1.49) | 0.89(0.68–1.16) | 0.11 | ||
| High grade prostate cancer | 38/231 | 104/482 | 89/399 | |||
| Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.19(0.78–1.83) | 1.10(0.70–1.72) | 0.91 | ||
| Low grade prostate cancer | 133/231 | 370/482 | 190/399 | |||
| Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.17(0.89–1.53) | 0.75(0.56–1.02) | <0.01 | ||
| Chocolate | None | 1–3/month | >1–3/month | |||
| All prostate cancer | 232/258 | 645/457 | 612/397 | |||
| Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.38(1.09–1.73) | 1.43(1.12–1.82) | 0.03 | ||
| Fatal prostate cancer | 59/258 | 119/457 | 129/397 | |||
| Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.26(0.86–1.85) | 1.47(0.99–2.20) | 0.09 | ||
| Advanced prostate cancer | 93/258 | 194/457 | 212/397 | |||
| Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.19(0.86–1.63) | 1.40(1.01–1.96) | 0.06 | ||
| Localized prostate cancer | 146/258 | 463/457 | 411/397 | |||
| Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.46(1.13–1.89) | 1.43(1.08–1.88) | 0.11 | ||
| High grade prostate cancer | 42/258 | 88/457 | 101/397 | |||
| Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.04(0.67–1.60) | 1.20(0.77–1.88) | 0.33 | ||
| Low grade prostate cancer | 102/258 | 310/457 | 281/397 | |||
| Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.38(1.03–1.85) | 1.41(1.03–1.93) | 0.09 | ||
| Boiled potatoes | 0–4×/w | 4–6×/w | ≥1×/day | |||
| All prostate cancer | 266/195 | 668/545 | 555/372 | |||
| Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 0.92(0.73–1.16) | 1.12(0.87–1.42) | 0.21 | ||
| Fatal prostate cancer | 42/195 | 151/545 | 114/372 | |||
| Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.27(0.85–1.90) | 1.31(0.86–2.01) | 0.26 | ||
| Advanced prostate cancer | 86/195 | 219/545 | 194/372 | |||
| Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 0.88(0.64–1.20) | 1.07(0.77–1.49) | 0.45 | ||
| Localized prostate cancer | 181/195 | 464/545 | 375/372 | |||
| Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.00(0.79–1.29) | 1.20(0.92–1.57) | 0.13 | ||
| High grade prostate cancer | 33/195 | 107/545 | 91/372 | |||
| Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.18(0.75–1.84) | 1.33(0.83–2.12) | 0.21 | ||
| Low grade prostate cancer | 134/195 | 107/545 | 91/372 | |||
| Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 0.90(0.68–1.19) | 1.07(0.79–1.45) | 0.45 | ||
| Multivitamins | None | <7/week | ≥7/week | |||
| All prostate cancer | 1166/930 | 69/32 | 254/150 | |||
| Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.48(0.95–2.30) | 1.27(1.01–1.60) | 0.07 | ||
| Fatal prostate cancer | 183/930 | 12/32 | 37/150 | |||
| Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.65(0.84–3.24) | 1.37(0.95–1.99) | 0.18 | ||
| Advanced prostate cancer | 391/930 | 24/32 | 84/150 | |||
| Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.69(0.97–2.97) | 1.29(0.95–1.75) | 0.08 | ||
| Localized prostate cancer | 803/930 | 46/32 | 171/150 | |||
| Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.34(0.83–2.17) | 1.21(0.94–1.55) | 0.18 | ||
| High grade prostate cancer | 165/930 | 14/32 | 52/150 | |||
| Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 2.20(1.11–4.33) | 1.93(1.32–2.81) | 0.03 | ||
| Low grade prostate cancer | 552/930 | 25/32 | 116/150 | |||
| Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.08(0.62–1.89) | 1.25(0.85–1.85) | 0.75 | ||
| Vitamin C | None | <7/week | ≥7/week | |||
| All prostate cancer | 1271/984 | 106/62 | 112/66 | |||
| Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.20(0.86–1.68) | 1.22(0.88–1.70) | 0.14 | ||
| Fatal prostate cancer | 200/984 | 19/62 | 13/66 | |||
| Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.27(0.75–2.16) | 0.86(0.47–1.55) | 0.19 | ||
| Advanced prostate cancer | 423/984 | 36/62 | 40/66 | |||
| Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.32(0.85–2.06) | 1.47(0.96–2.25) | 0.14 | ||
| Localized prostate cancer | 866/984 | 78/62 | 76/66 | |||
| Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.25(0.87–1.79) | 1.15(0.80–1.65) | 0.20 | ||
| High grade prostate cancer | 195/984 | 21/62 | 15/66 | |||
| Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 1.48(0.86–2,55) | 0.93(0.50–1.71) | 0.80 | ||
| Low grade prostate cancer | 593/984 | 43/62 | 57/66 | |||
| Fully adj. OR | 1.00 | 0.99(0.65–1.51) | 1.25(0.85–1.85) | 0.18 |
Fully adjusted models are adjusted for: age, region, smoking (never, former, current), BMI (categories), education (categories), energy intake, calcium (quartiles), zinc(quartiles). Food models mutually adjusted for chocolate (categories), coffee (categories), berries (categories), tea (categories), boiled potatoes (categories). Supplement models mutually adjusted for vitamin C supplement intake and multivitamin intake