Table 1.
Differences in Demographic and Clinical Characteristics Among the Pain Groups (n = 926)
| Characteristic | No Pain (1) n = 255 27.5% |
Only Non-Cancer Pain (2) n = 144 15.6% |
Only Cancer Pain (3) n = 248 26.8% |
Both Cancer & Non-Cancer Pain (4) n = 279 30.1% |
Statistics |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
| Age (years) | 58.57 (11.79) | 62.16 (11.56) | 54.75 (11.15) | 56.16 (12.24) | F=13.99; p<.0001 1 > 3 2 > 1, 3, and 4 |
| Education (years) | 16.38 (3.05) | 16.18 (3.10) | 16.61 (2.92) | 15.75 (2.96) | F=3.85; p=.009 3 > 4 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.77 (5.60) | 26.39 (6.44) | 26.01 (5.26) | 26.39 (5.93) | F=0.65; p=.584 |
| Karnofsky Performance Status score | 85.65 (10.39) | 82.98 (11.62) | 78.03 (11.31) | 76.07 (12.44) | F=34.02; p<.0001 1 and 2 > 3 and 4 |
| Number of comorbidities | 1.76 (0.92) | 2.81 (1.48) | 2.08 (1.21) | 3.05 (1.54) | F=53.20; p<.0001 1 < 2, 3, and 4 2 and 4 > 3 |
| SCQ score | 4.03 (1.94) | 6.01 (3.16) | 4.89 (2.54) | 7.03 (3.64) | F=53.63; p<.0001 1 < 3 < 2 < 4 |
| AUDIT score | 2.97 (2.14) | 2.46 (1.86) | 3.10 (2.86) | 2.75 (2.23) | F=1.78; p=.150 |
| Time since cancer diagnosis (years) | 1.74 (3.16) | 2.57 (3.97) | 2.30 (4.10) | 2.40 (4.92) | KW; p=.089 |
| Time since cancer diagnosis (median) | 0.40 | 0.69 | 0.44 | 0.47 | |
| Number of prior cancer treatments | 1.50 (1.41) | 1.94 (1.62) | 1.76 (1.53) | 1.80 (1.58) | F=2.99; p=.030 1 < 2 |
| Number of metastatic sites including lymph node involvement |
1.12 (1.62) | 1.33 (1.24) | 1.27 (1.28) | 1.38 (1.32) | F=2.05; p=.106 |
| Number of metastatic sites excluding lymph node involvement |
0.69 (1.00) | 0.87 (1.07) | 0.82 (1.09) | 0.92 (1.16) | F=2.10; p=.099 |
| % (N) | % (N) | % (N) | % (N) | ||
| Gender | χ2=13.61; p =.003 | ||||
| Female+ | 72.5 (185) | 82.6 (119) | 77.4 (192) | 84.6 (236) | 4>1 |
| Male | 27.5 (70) | 16.7 (24) | 22.6 (56) | 15.4 (43) | |
| Transgender* | 0.0 (0) | 0.07 (1) | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | |
| Ethnicity | |||||
| White | 74.1 (186) | 78.6 (110) | 69.4 (170) | 66.3 (179) | |
| Black | 6.8 (17) | 5.7 (8) | 8.6 (21) | 7.0 (19) | χ2=13.71; p=.133 |
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 11.2 (28) | 10.0 (14) | 13.1 (32) | 12.2 (33) | |
| Hispanic Mixed or Other | 8.0 (20) | 5.7 (8) | 9.0 (22) | 14.4 (39) | |
| Married or partnered (% yes) | 74.6 (188) | 65.0 (93) | 71.5 (176) | 56.0 (154) | χ2=24.04; p<.0001 1 and 3 > 4 |
| Lives alone (% yes) | 16.7 (42) | 21.0 (30) | 16.3 (40) | 27.3 (76) | χ2=12.90; p=.005 4 > 1 and 3 |
| Child care responsibilities (% yes) | 22.9 (58) | 11.4 (16) | 25.2 (61) | 26.5 (72) | χ2=13.16; p=.004 1, 3 and 4 > 2 |
| Care of adult responsibilities (% yes) | 7.5 (18) | 8.6 (11) | 5.3 (12) | 11.8 (30) | χ2=7.07; p=.070 |
| Currently employed (% yes) | 43.7 (111) | 31.7 (45) | 39.0 (96) | 25.3 (70) | χ2=22.40; p<.0001 1 and 3 > 4 |
| Income | KW; p<.0001 | ||||
| < $30,000+ | 10.5 (24) | 17.9 (22) | 10.2 (23) | 29.4 (74) | |
| $30,000 to <$70,000 | 18.4 (42) | 26.8 (33) | 20.4 (46) | 23.4 (59) | 4 > 1 and 3 |
| $70,000 to < $100,000 | 17.1 (39) | 13.8 (17) | 19.6 (44) | 14.7 (37) | 2 > 1 |
| ≥ $100,000 | 53.9 (123) | 41.5 (51) | 49.8 (112) | 32.5 (82) | |
| Specific comorbidities (% yes) | |||||
| Heart disease | 3.9 (10) | 6.2 (9) | 4.4 (11) | 7.2 (20) | χ2=3.46; p=.327 |
| High blood pressure | 24.3 (62) | 38.2 (55) | 25.4 (63) | 36.9 (103) | χ2=17.07; p=.001 2 and 4 > 1 and 4 > 3 |
| Lung disease | 7.8 (20) | 18.1 (26) | 9.7 (24) | 14.3 (40) | χ2=11.97; p=.007 2 > 1 |
| Diabetes | 5.9 (15) | 11.8 (17) | 7.3 (18) | 9.7 (27) | χ2=5.32; p=.150 |
| Ulcer or stomach disease | 2.0 (5) | 1.4 (2) | 2.0 (5) | 9.7 (27) | χ2=29.67; p<.0001 4 > 1, 2, and 3 |
| Kidney disease | 0.8 (2) | 1.4 (2) | 0.4 (1) | 1.1 (3) | χ2=1.24; p=.743 |
| Liver disease | 4.3 (11) | 4.9 (7) | 7.7 (19) | 6.1 (17) | χ2=2.86; p=.413 |
| Anemia or blood disease | 7.8 (20) | 9.7 (14) | 9.7 (24) | 19.0 (53) | χ2=19.10; p<.0001 4 > 1 and 3 |
| Depression | 11.4 (29) | 19.4 (28) | 17.7 (44) | 29.4 (82) | χ2=28.28; p<.0001 4 > 1 and 3 |
| Osteoarthritis | 3.9 (10) | 22.9 (33) | 5.2 (13) | 20.4 (57) | χ2=60.60; p<.0001 2 and 4 > 1 and 3 |
| Back pain | 4.3 (11) | 38.2 (55) | 16.5 (41) | 47.0 (131) | χ2=149.60; p<.0001 2, 3, and 4 > 1 2 and 4 > 3 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | 0.8 (20) | 8.3 (12) | 2.0 (5) | 5.4 (15) | χ2=19.07; p<.0001 2 and 4 > 1 2 > 3 |
| Exercise on a regular basis (% yes) | 76.8 (195) | 66.7 (96) | 67.2 (166) | 65.7 (180) | χ2=9.32; p=.025 1 > 4 |
| Smoking, current or history of (% yes) | 36.8 (93) | 35.5 (50) | 31.4 (76) | 38.4 (106) | χ2=2.95; p=.399 |
| Cancer diagnosis | |||||
| Breast | 40.4 (103) | 40.3 (58) | 41.9 (104) | 39.4 (110) | |
| Gastrointestinal | 30.2 (77) | 27.1 (39) | 28.2 (70) | 25.1 (70) | |
| Gynecological | 15.3 (39) | 14.6 (21) | 21.8 (54) | 22.6 (63) | χ2=15.51; p=.078 |
| Lung | 14.1 (36) | 18.1 (26) | 8.1 (20) | 12.9 (36) | |
| Type of prior cancer treatment | |||||
| No prior treatment | 23.7 (59) | 20.6 (29) | 18.9 (46) | 20.2 (56) | |
| Only surgery, CTX, or RT | 43.8 (109) | 32.6 (46) | 46.7 (114) | 42.2 (117) | χ2=13.48; p=.142 |
| Surgery & CTX, or Surgery & RT, or CTX & RT |
19.7 (49) | 31.2 (44) | 20.1 (49) | 21.3 (59) | |
| Surgery & CTX & RT | 12.9 (32) | 15.6 (22) | 14.3 (35) | 16.2 (45) | |
| Surgery & CTX & RT | |||||
Abbreviations: AUDIT = Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, CTX = chemotherapy, kg = kilograms, KW = Kruskal Wallis; m2 = meter squared, RT = radiation therapy, SCQ = Self-Administered Comorbidity Questionnaire, SD = standard deviation
*
Chi Square analysis and post hoc contrasts done without the transgender patient include in the analyses
+
Reference group for the post hoc comparisons