Table 1.

Clinical characteristics of study subjects from the Botnia prospective study at baseline and of monozygotic twin pairs discordant for T2D from whom blood samples and skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained.

	Botnia prospective study		MZ twins discordant		MZ twins discordant
	(Blood)		for T2D (Blood)		for T2D (Skeletal muscle)
	Controls	Converters	Non-diabetic	T2D	Non-diabetic	T2D
N (male/female)	129 (62/67)	129 (65/64)	19 (11/8)		17 (10/7)
Age (years)	51.4 ± 9.1	52.8 ± 12.3	66.5 ± 8.0	66.8 ± 7.3
BMI (kg/m2)	27.6 ± 3.0	28.8 ± 4.3*	29.1 ± 6.1	30.9 ± 6.4*	29.9 ± 6.1	32.1 ± 6.1*
Fasting glucose (mmol/L)	5.1 ± 0.4	5.3 ± 0.6*	6.2 ± 0.6	9.7 ± 3.0*	6.1 ± 0.6	9.9 ± 2.5*
Fasting insulin (pmol/L)	59.7 ± 29.2	89.6 ± 71.5*	67.5 ± 51.7	122.2 ± 147.2	73.3 ± 59.0	136.2 ± 172.3
HbA1c
percent	5.5 ± 0.5	5.7 ± 0.5*	5.9 ± 0.4	7.4 ± 1.7*	5.8 ± 0.4	7.6 ± 1.7*
mmol/mol	37.0 ± 5.5	39.0 ± 5.5*	41.0 ± 4.4	57.0 ± 18.6*	40.0 ± 4.4	60.0 ± 18.6*
Cholesterol (mmol/L)	6.1 ± 1.1	5.7 ± 1.0*	5.2 ± 0.9	4.7 ± 1.0	5.4 ± 0.9	4.9 ± 1.1
Triglycerides (mmol/L)	1.5 ± 0.8	1.6 ± 0.9	1.2 ± 0.6	1.5 ± 0.7	1.3 ± 0.6	1.8 ± 0.9
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	1.4 ± 0.3	1.3 ± 0.3*	1.4 ± 0.4	1.3 ± 0.4	1.4 ± 0.4	1.3 ± 0.4
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)	—	—	3.2 ± 0.7	2.8 ± 0.8	3.4 ± 0.7	2.9 ± 0.8
Have family history record	119 (91.5)	109 (88.6)
Leukocyte (× 109/L)	6.0 ± 1.5	6.7 ± 1.9*
Follow up (years)	9.3 ± 3.5	6.9 ± 3.5*
Normal glucose tolerance	84 (64.6)	50 (38.7)*

Data are presented as mean ± SD or as number (%).

^*P-value < 0.05, converters vs. controls and T2D vs. non-diabetic subjects.

Lipid and glucose phenotype data are based on 12 to 18 twin pairs.

LDL data is not available for the selected Botnia subjects at baseline.