Table 2.

Monitoring protocols and triggers for intervention.

	Intervals of surveillance				Triggers for intervention*
	PSA (mo.)	Exam (mo.)	Mandatory confirmatory biopsy (≤ 1 yr.)	Subsequent biopsies (yrs. from previous)	Gleason score	Positive cores	Max % core with cancer	PSAV	PSADT (yr)
Johns Hopkins#	6	6	Yes	1	>6	>2	>50
Sunnybrook	3 (x2 yr) then 6		Yes	3–4	Upgrade				< 3†
Göteborg	3–6	3–6	No	2–3	Progression in PSA, grade, or stage (not strictly defined)
UCSF	3	6	Yes	1–2	>6	>33%	>50
Royal Marsden	3–4 (x2 yr) then 6	3–4 (x2 yr) then 6	No (≤ 2 yrs.)	2	≥4+3	>50%		>1
St. Vincent’s	3 (x3 yr) then 6	6 (x3 yr) then 12	Yes	1–2, then 3–5	>6	>20%	>8 mm	>0.75	< 3
PRIAS	3–6		Yes	3	>6	>2			< 3
University of Copenhagen	3	3	Yes	Variable	≥4+3	>3			< 3
University of Miami	3–4 (x2 yr) then 6	3–4 (x2 yr) then 6	Yes	1	>6	>2	Increase

^*The majority of programs describe criteria that trigger increased scrutiny (i.e. repeat biopsy, imaging) but not necessarily treatment. These metrics include: clinical stage, CAPRA score, PSA/PSA kinetics (if not a formal trigger for intervention).

^#For low risk men, number of cores positive and maximum percentage of cancer involvement are not triggers for intervention.

^†Until 2008