Expression of CD28 family receptors associated with the HBV DNA levels. Patients were classified as low (n=27) and high (n=25) VL, and CD4 or CD8 cells expressing CD28 family receptors were analyzed. (A) PD-1 and (B) BTLA on CD8 T cells were positively correlated with VL, (C) ICOS were inversely correlated, while (D) CD28 and (E) CTLA-4 demonstrated no correlation with HBV DNA levels. (F) Cumulative PD-1 expression data on CD8+ T cells in HBeAg+ (n=19) and HBeAg− groups (n=33). Data are presented as the mean ± standard error. CD, cluster of differentiation; HBV, hepatitis B virus; PD-1, programmed cell death protein 1; BTLA, B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator; ICOS, inducible T-cell co-stimulator; CTLA-4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4; HBeAg, hepatitis E antigen; VL, viral levels.