. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Aug 1.

Published in final edited form as: Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2016 May 2;299(8):1110–1120. doi: 10.1002/ar.23353

Table 2.

List of abbreviations for linear distances and angles used in this study.

Distances	Abbreviations	Angles	Abbreviations
Nasal bone length	N-A	Cranial vault to cranial base	PoEL/SoEL
Viscerocranial length (anterior to anterior incisors)	E-Pr	Nasal bone to cranial base	ANL/SoEL
Viscerocranial length (posterior to anterior incisors)	E-Bu	Nasal bone to cranial vault	ANL/PoEL
Nasal bone height^*	A-Pr	Nasal bone to premaxilla^*	ANL/PrNL
Total skull length	Po-A	Premaxilla to cranial base	PrEL/SoEL BuEL/SoEL
Palatal length	Mu-Bu	Maxilla-premaxilla to cranial base	MuBuL/SoEL MuPrL/SoEL
Cranial base length	So-E	Upper incisors to cranial base	IuEL/SoEL
Neurocranial length	Po-E	Premaxilla to cranial vault	PrEL/PoEL BuEL/PoEL
Viscerocranial height	E-Mu	Maxilla-premaxilla to cranial vault	MuBuL/PoEL MuPrL/PoEL
Mandibular corpus length	Mn-Id	Upper incisors to cranial vault	IuEL/PoEL
Mandibular lingual alveolar bone	Ml-Bl	Upper incisor inclination	MuPrL/PrIuL MuBuL/PrIuL
Erupted upper incisor length	Pr-Iu	Lower incisor inclination	MlliL/IdliL MIBIL/IdliL
Erupted lower incisor length	Ii-Id	Mandibular corpus to cranial vault	MnIdL/PoEL MlBiL/PoEL
Erupted lower incisor length	Ii-Id	Mandibular corpus to cranial base	MnIdL/SoEL MIBiL/SoEL

An asterisk (*) indicates a new linear or angular measurement added to the current study. All other measurements were adapted from Engstrom et al (Engstrom et al., 1982). L; Line.