Table 2.
Unadjusted Descriptive Statistics for Social Isolation Indicators by Visual Acuity and Self-Reported Vision Status (NHANES IV, 1999-2008, Weighted).
| Visual acuity | Normal (n = 7,424) | Low (n = 1,236) | Blind (n = 146) | Total (N = 8,806) | Wald χ2(df) | Significance | Cramer’s V |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
||||||
| Indicators | % at riska | ||||||
| Marital status | 34.3a | 51.3b | 64.6c | 37.2 | 177.5 (2) | *** | 0.14 |
| Emotional support | 17.0a | 23.4b | 23.6b | 18.0 | 32.4 (2) | *** | 0.06 |
| Financial support | 20.5a | 20.9a | 15.1a | 20.4 | 2.7 (2) | ns | 0.02 |
| ≥1 friend | 2.7a | 4.5b | 5.6b | 3.0 | 15.6 (2) | *** | 0.04 |
| SIS | 15.7a | 24.2b | 26.8b | 17.1 | 61.9 (2) | *** | 0.09 |
| Self-reported vision status | Good (n = 7,138) | Fair (n = 1,528) | Poor (n = 562) | Total (N = 9,228) | Wald χ2(df) | Significance | Cramer’s V |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
||||||
| Indicators | % at riska | ||||||
| Marital status | 35.6a | 46.5b | 59.4c | 38.8 | 164.0 (2) | *** | 0.13 |
| Emotional support | 16.2a | 23.8b | 31.2c | 18.4 | 114.4 (2) | *** | 0.11 |
| Financial support | 19.5a | 22.0b | 26.0b | 20.4 | 16.4 (2) | *** | 0.04 |
| ≥1 friend | 2.4a | 5.3b | 7.3b | 3.2 | 65.4 (2) | *** | 0.08 |
| SIS | 15.0a | 23.7b | 33.5c | 17.6 | 161.4 (2) | *** | 0.14 |
Note. Subscripts represent pairwise differences, significant at p ≤ .5. NHANES = National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; SIS = social isolation score.
a
Values represent percent in each vision category at risk from negative outcomes associated with indicators (e.g., having inadequate emotional support).
*
p ≤ .05.
**
p ≤ .005.
***
p ≤ .0005.