Table 3.
Distribution and prevalence of ascidian-associated Endozoicomonas.
| Ascidian host speciesa | PCR-based survey | Culturing | Specific PCR | DGGE | Overall | Overall [%] | Sampling location | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ascidia sp. | 3/6 | 0/2 | 7/12 | – | 10/20 | 50% | Gullmarsfjorden, Sweden | This study |
| Ascidiella aspersa | 2/3 | 0/1 | – | – | 2/4 | 50% | Western Mediterranean, Spain; Gullmarsfjorden, Sweden | This study |
| Ascidiella scabra | 4/4 | 1/1 | 7/7 | – | 12/12 | 100% | Gullmarsfjorden, Sweden | This study |
| Ascidiella sp. | – | 1/1 | 4/4 | – | 4/4b | 100% | Gullmarsfjorden, Sweden | This study |
| Botrylloides leachic | Present | – | – | – | n.a. | n.a. | New Zealand | Cahill et al., 2016 |
| Botrylloides sp. | 1/1 | – | – | – | 1/1 | 100% | Southern California, USA | Tianero et al., 2014 |
| Botryllus schlosseri | 1/1 | – | 6/6 | – | 6/6d | 100% | Limfjorden, Denmark; Gullmarsfjorden, Sweden | This study |
| Botryllus schlosseric | Present | – | – | – | n.a. | n.a. | New Zealand | Cahill et al., 2016 |
| Ciona intestinalis | 7/7 | – | – | – | 7/7 | 100% | Cape Cod, USA; Southern California, USA; Fusaro Lake, Italy | Dishaw et al., 2014 |
| Ciona intestinalis | 0/1 | – | 3/3 | – | 3/4 | 75% | Gullmarsfjorden, Sweden | This study |
| Ciona robustac | Present | – | – | – | n.a. | n.a. | New Zealand | Cahill et al., 2016 |
| Ciona savignyic | Present | – | – | – | n.a. | n.a. | New Zealand | Cahill et al., 2016 |
| Cystodytes dellechiajeic | Present | – | – | – | n.a. | n.a. | Western Mediterranean, Spain | Martínez-García et al., 2007 |
| Diazona violacea | – | – | – | 1/3 | 1/3 | 33% | Western Mediterranean, Spain | Martínez-García et al., 2010 |
| Didemnum sp. | – | 1/1 | – | – | 1/1 | 100% | North coast of São Paulo state, Brazil | Menezes et al., 2010 |
| Didemnum sp. | 4/10 | – | – | – | 4/10 | 40% | Southern California, USA; Papua New Guinea | Tianero et al., 2014 |
| Eudistoma sp. | 2/2 | – | – | – | 2/2 | 100% | Florida Keys, USA | Tianero et al., 2014 |
| Phallusia philippinensis | 1/1 | – | – | – | 1/1 | 100% | Great Barrier Reef, Australia | Erwin et al., 2014 |
| Polyclinella azemai | – | – | – | 1/2 | 1/2 | 50% | Western Mediterranean, Spain | Martínez-García et al., 2010 |
| Pycnoclavella diminuta | 1/3 | – | – | – | 1/3 | 33% | Great Barrier Reef, Australia | Erwin et al., 2014 |
| Styela clava | – | – | 1/4 | – | 1/4 | 25% | Limfjorden, Denmark | This study |
The number of Endozoicomonas–positive specimens relative to all screened specimens is shown for each ascidian species. −, no data; ND, not determined.
Ascidian species in which Endozoicomonas has not been detected so far (for details see Table S3): Aplousobranchia: Aplidium protectans, Aplidium sp., Clavelina arafurensis, Clavelina meridionalis, Cystodytes sp., Didemnum cf. albopunctatum, Didemnum cf. granulatum, Didemnum fulgens, Didemnum multispirale, Didemnum sp., Eudistoma amplum, Leptoclinides madara, Lissoclinum badium, Lissoclinum bistratum, Lissoclinum cf. caspulatum, Lissoclinum patella, Polycitor giganteus, Pseudodistoma crucigaster, Pycnoclavella sp., Synoicum castellatum, Trididemnum sp.; Phlebobranchia: Ascidia sp., Ecteinascidia diaphanis, Ecteinascidia turbinata, Perophora aff. modificata, Phallusia arabica, Phallusia julinea; Stolidobranchia: Botrylloides violaceus, Molgula manhattensis, Polycarpa argentata, Polycarpa aurata, Pyura sp., Styela plicata, Styela sp.
One specimen was screened both by culturing and specific PCR.
Based on the publication, no prevalence data could be inferred.
One specimen was screened both during the PCR-based survey and by specific PCR.