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Effect of clipping (simulated herbivore treatment) on production of secondary metabolites—(A) salicin and (B) rosmarinic acid. C, E and C × E indicate effects of clipping treatment, altitude and their interaction, respectively. **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; n.s. non-significant. Population means and SE are shown. Dotted line represent data from both unclipped and clipped treatment because no effect was clipping treatment was found.
