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Effect of clipping (simulated herbivore treatment) and altitude on production of (A) total VOCs and (B) (Z)-3-Hexen-1-yl acetate. C, E and C × E indicate effects of clipping treatment, altitude and their interaction, respectively. **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; n.s. non-significant. MPA = mean peak area. Population means and SE are shown.
