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. 2016 Jun 27;18(6):e152. doi: 10.2196/jmir.5642

Table 1.

Characteristics of the ecological momentary intervention studies (part 1).

Studya Designb Sample Age (years) Gender (% female) nc Mental Health Measured Outcome type(s)
Included in meta-analysis

Agyapong et al, 2012e RCT Clinical 48.00 54 24 BDI Depression

Ahtinen et al, 2013 Prepost Healthy — 60 14 Stress single-item Stress
Acceptance
Quality of life

Aikens et al. 2015f (all pooled subjects) Prepost Clinical 51.40 79 221 PHQ-8 Depression

Askins et al, 2009 RCT Healthy 36.30 100 64 POMS Depression

Ben-Zeev et al, 2014 Prepost Clinical 45.90 39 32 BDI Depression

Burns et al, 2011e Prepost Clinical 37.40 88 7 GIDS-c Depression
Anxiety

Carissoli et al, 2015 RCT Healthy 38.11 57 20 MSP Stress

Dagöö et al. 2014g (mCBT) RCT Clinical 34.70 48 24 LSAS-SR Depression
Anxiety
Quality of life

Dagöö et al, 2014g (mIPT) RCT Clinical 39.08 56 19 LSAS-SR Depression
Anxiety
Quality of life

Depp et al, 2015 RCT Clinical 46.90 54 41 MADRS Depression

Enock et al. 2014 RCT Clinical 34.80 48 120 SIAS Depression
Anxiety

Granholm et al, 2012 Prepost Clinical 48.70 31 41 BDI Depression

Grassi et al, 2007 (Vnar) Preposth Healthy 23.27 50 30 STAI-state Anxiety
Relaxation

Grassi et al, 2007 (Nnar) Preposth Healthy 23.27 50 30 STAI-state Anxiety
Relaxation

Grassi et al, 2007e (MP3) Preposth Healthy 23.27 50 30 STAI-state Anxiety
Relaxation

Harrison et al, 2011 Prepost Clinical 38.20 71 28 DASS total score Depression
Anxiety

Huffziger et al, 2013i Prepost Healthy 22.90 60 46 Valence 2-items Depression
Relaxation

Kenardy et al, 2003e RCT Clinical 36.80 76 41 Anxiety composite score Anxiety

Lappalainen et al, 2013 RCT Clinical 47.10 0 11 GSI Depression
Acceptance
Quality of life

Ly et al, 2014e (behavioral activation) RCT Clinical 36.60 70 36 BDI Depression
Anxiety
Acceptance
Quality of life

Ly et al, 2014 (mindfulness) RCT Clinical 35.60 71 36 BDI Depression
Anxiety
Acceptance
Quality of life

Ly et al, 2012 Prepost Healthy 29.50 36 11 DASS stress Depression
Anxiety
Stress
Quality of life

Newman et al, 2014 RCT Clinical 42.45 55 11 STAI—trait Anxiety

Newman et al, 1997 RCT Clinical 38.00 83 9 FQ—total score Anxiety

Pallavicini et al, 2009 (VRMB) Preposth Clinical 41.25 — 4 GAD7 Anxiety

Pallavicini et al, 2009 (VRM) Preposth Clinical 48.50 — 4 GAD7 Anxiety

Proudfoot et al, 2013 RCT Clinical 39.00 70 126 DASS total score Depression
Anxiety
Stress

Repetto et al, 2013 (VRMB) Preposth Clinical — 64 7 BAI Anxiety

Repetto et al, 2013 (VRM) Preposth Clinical — 64 9 BAI Anxiety

Rizvi et al, 2011 Prepost Clinical 33.86 82 22 BSI Depression

Shapiro et al, 2010 Prepost Clinical 26.30 100 14 BDI Depression

Watts et al, 2013e RCT Clinical 41.00 80 10 BDI Depression
Stress

Wenze et al, 2014 Prepost Clinical 40.86 71 14 QIDS-c Depression
Not included in meta-analysis








Gorini et al, 2010 (VRMB) Preposth Clinical — — 8 BAI Anxiety

Gorini et al, 2010 (VRM) Preposth Clinical — — 4 BAI Anxiety

Grassi et al, 2011 (Vnar) Preposth Healthy 20.86 100 15 STAI-state Anxiety
Relaxation

Grassi et al, 2011 (MP3) Preposth Healthy 20.86 100 15 STAI-state Anxiety
Relaxation

Preziosa et al, 2009 (Vnar; study 1) Prepost Healthy 23.48 100 6 STAI-state Anxiety
Depression

Preziosa et al, 2009 (MP3; study 1) Prepost Healthy 23.48 100 6 STAI-state Anxiety
Depression

Preziosa et al, 2009 (study 2) RCT Healthy 23.48 50 30 STAI-state Anxiety
Depression
Relaxation

Riva et al, 2006 RCT Healthy 23.82 48 11 STAI-state Anxiety
Depression
Relaxation

Zautra et al, 2012 (mindfulness) RCT Clinical 54.05 82 25 Depression 3-items Depression
Stress

Zautra et al, 2012 (mastery-control) RCT Clinical 54.05 82 25 Depression 3-items Depression
stress

aStudies are ordered by inclusion in the meta-analysis. Behind the study’s year of publication, between brackets, the sample (or condition) that received the ecological momentary intervention was specified; With mCBT: mobile cognitive behavioral therapy; mIPT: mobile interpersonal psychotherapy; MP3: audio only condition; Nnar: video only condition VRMB: virtual reality and mobile condition with biofeedback; VRM: virtual reality with mobile condition; Vnar: video narrative condition.

bDesign of study is labeled either randomized controlled trial (RCT) or prepost design.

cSample size at post-intervention in the condition receiving the ecological momentary intervention.

d The specific questionnaire that was used to represent the primary outcome “mental health” is listed. With BDI: Beck Depression Inventory; PHQ-8: Personal Health Questionnaire Depression scale; POMS: Profile of Mood States; GIDS-c: Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms-Clinician rated; MSP: Mesure du Stress Psychologique; LSAS-SR: Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale Self-Report; MADRS: Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale; SIAS: Social Interaction Anxiety Scale; BAI: Beck Anxiety Inventory; STAI: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory; DASS: Depression Anxiety Stress Scales; GSI: General Symptom Index; FQ: Fear Questionnaire; GAD7: Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item; BSI: Brief Symptom Inventory.

eStudy is considered an outlier in within-subject analyses.

fThe data used for the analyses consist of all pooled participants, the outcome questionnaire at pre-intervention is compared with last outcome questionnaire that participant completed.

gThe intervention could be accessed using the mobile phone, tablet, and computer.

hStudy is labeled as a prepost design because it is unclear whether participants were randomized across conditions.

iThe study technically is an ecological momentary assessment study with an experimental manipulation.