Table 2.
Characteristics of the ecological momentary intervention studies (part 2).
| Studya | Intervention technique | Training type (+ type of MHPb supportc) | Training trigger | No. of training sessionsd | Control (n)e | ||||
| Included in meta-analysis | |||||||||
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Agyapong et al, 2012f | Self-management and monitoring | Passive (stand-alone + CAU) | Triggered | 168 (2) | Waitlist (n=28) | |||
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Ahtinen et al, 2013 | Acceptance and commitment therapy | Active | On-demand |
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Aikens et al, 2015g (all pooled subjects) |
Self-management and monitoring | Passive (+MHP) | Triggered | 26 (1) |
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Askins et al, 2009 | Self-management and monitoring | Active (+MHP) | ... | ... |
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Ben-Zeev et al, 2014 | Self-management and monitoring | Active (+stand-alone + CAU) | Triggered | 90 (3) |
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Burns et al, 2011f | Behavioral activation | Active (+MHP) | Triggered | 280 (5) |
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Carissoli et al, 2015 | Mindfulness | Active | On-demand | 36 (2) | Placebo (n=18) | |||
|
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Dagöö et al, 2014h (mCBTb) |
Cognitive behavioral therapy | Active (+MHP) | ... | ... |
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Dagöö et al 2014h (mIPTb) |
Interpersonal therapy | Active (+MHP) | ... | ... |
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Depp et al, 2015 | Self-management and monitoring | Passive (+MHP) | Triggered | 140 (2) | Paper and pencil version (n=41) | |||
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Enock et al, 2014 | Cognitive bias modification | Active | Triggered | 84 (3) | Placebo (n=104) | |||
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Granholm et al, 2012 | Cognitive behavioral therapy | Active (stand-alone + CAU) | Triggered | 216 (3) |
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Grassi et al, 2007 (Vnarb) | Relaxation | Active | ... | 4 (2) | Waitlist (n=30) |
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Grassi et al, 2007 (Nnarb) | Relaxation | Active | ... | 4 (2) |
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Grassi et al, 2007f (MP3b) | Relaxation | Active | ... | 4 (2) |
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Harrison et al, 2011 | Self-management and monitoring | Passive | On-demand | ... |
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Huffziger et al, 2013i | Mindfulness | Passive | Triggered | 10 (10) |
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Kenardy et al, 2003f | Cognitive behavioral therapy | Active (+MHP) | Triggered | 420 (5) | CBT6 (n=44) | |||
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Lappalainen et al, 2013 | Cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy | Active (+MHP) | On-demand | ... | Waitlist (n=12) | |||
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Ly et al, 2014f behavioral activation |
Behavioral activation | Active (+MHP) | ... | ... |
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Ly et al, 2014 mindfulness | Mindfulness | Active (+MHP) | ... | ... |
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Ly et al, 2014 mindfulness | Acceptance and commitment therapy | Active | On-demand | ... |
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Newman et al, 2014 | Cognitive behavioral therapy | Active (+MHP) | Triggered | 112 (4) | CBT6 (n=14) | |||
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Newman et al, 1997 | Cognitive behavioral therapy | Active (+MHP) | Triggered | 336 (4) | CBT12 (n=9) | |||
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Pallavicini et al, 2009 (VRMBb) |
Relaxation | Active (+MHP) | On-demand | ... | Waitlist (n=4) | |||
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Pallavicini et al, 2009 (VRMb) |
Relaxation | Active (+MHP) | On-demand | ... |
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Proudfoot et al, 2013 | Self-management and monitoring | Passive | On-demand | ... | Placebo (n=195) | |||
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Repetto et al, 2013 (VRMB) | Relaxation | Active (+MHP) | On-demand | ... | Waitlist (n=8) | |||
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Repetto et al, 2013 (VRM) | Relaxation | Active (+MHP) | On-demand | ... |
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Rizvi et al, 2011 | Dialectical behavior therapy | Active (+TAU) | On-demand | ... |
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Shapiro et al, 2010 | Self-management and monitoring | Passive (+MHP) | — | 168 (1) |
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Watts et al, 2013f | Cognitive behavioral therapy | Active (+MHP) | On-demand | ... | Computer version (n=15) | |||
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Wenze et al, 2014 | Cognitive behavioral therapy | Passive (stand-alone + CAU | Triggered | 28 (2) |
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| Not included in meta-analysis | |||||||||
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Gorini et al, 2010 (VRMB) | Relaxation | Active (+MHP) | On-demand | ... | Waitlist (n=8) | |||
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Gorini et al, 2010 (VRM) | Relaxation | Active (+MHP) | On-demand | ... |
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Grassi et al, 2011 (Vnar) | Relaxation | Active | ... | 6 (1) | Waitlist (n=15) | |||
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Grassi et al, 2011 (MP3b) | Relaxation | Active | ... | 6 (1) |
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Preziosa et al, 2009 (Vnar; study 1) | Relaxation | Active | ... | 6 (1) | Waitlist (n=6) | |||
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Preziosa et al, 2009 (MP3; study 1) | Relaxation | Active | ... | 6 (1) |
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Riva et al, 2006 | Relaxation | Active | ... | 4 (2) | Placebo (n=30) | |||
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Preziosa et al, 2009 (study 2) | Relaxation | Active | ... | 4 (2) | Placebo (n=11) | |||
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Zautra et al, 2012 (mindfulness) | Mindfulness | Active | Triggered | 27 (1) | Placebo (n=23) | |||
|
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Zautra et al, 2012 (mastery-control) |
Behavioral activation | Active | Triggered | 27 (1) |
|
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aStudies are ordered by inclusion in the meta-analysis. Behind the study’s year of publication, between brackets, the sample (or condition) that received the EMI was specified.
bmCBT: mobile cognitive behavioral therapy; mIPT: mobile interpersonal psychotherapy; MP3: audio only condition; MHP: mental health professional; Nnar: video only condition; Vnar: video narrative condition; VRMB: virtual reality and mobile condition with biofeedback; VRM: virtual reality with mobile condition.
cFollowing the type of training, the type of support by the mental health professional is reported between brackets. With +MHP=mental health professional–supported EMI; stand-alone + CAU=stand-alone EMI with access to care as usual. No information was displayed when the EMI was stand-alone.
dThe maximum number of total training sessions is reported. The maximum number of daily training sessions is reported between brackets.
eControl condition (and sample size at post-intervention) is listed if the study was included in the between-subject analyses. If the control condition is an active treatment, it is specified which specific active treatment condition is used to calculate the effect size. With CBT6=6-sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy; CBT12=12-sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy.
f Study is considered an outlier in within-subject analyses.
gThe data used for the analyses consist of all pooled participants, the outcome questionnaire at preintervention is compared with last outcome questionnaire that participant completed.
hThe intervention could be accessed using the mobile phone, tablet, and computer.
iThe study is technically an ecological momentary assessment study with an experimental manipulation.