TABLE 1—
Odds Ratios of Combinations of Work, Marital Status, and Having Children on Risk Factors and Chronic Diseases for Women Aged 50–72 Years in the Pooled Data and Separately for the United States and Europe
| Chronic Diseases and Risk Factors | Sample Size, No. | Typology 1: Working Single Childless Women, OR (95% CI) | P | Typology 2: Nonworking Married Mothers, OR (95% CI) | P | Typology 3: Working Single Mothers, OR (95% CI) | P | Typology 4: Married Mothers Who Returned to Work After Some Nonemployment, OR (95% CI) | P | Typology 5: Working Married Mothers, OR (Ref) |
| Heart disease | .48 | .82 | .87 | .07 | ||||||
| Pooled | 15 026 | 1.04 (0.84, 1.28) | 0.98 (0.84, 1.15) | 1.40 (1.14, 1.71) | 1.05 (0.91, 1.21) | 1 | ||||
| US | 5 979 | 0.96 (0.72, 1.27) | 0.96 (0.79, 1.18) | 1.34 (1.05, 1.70) | 0.94 (0.78, 1.14) | 1 | ||||
| Europe | 9 047 | 1.11 (0.82, 1.52) | 1.00 (0.78, 1.28) | 1.39 (0.95, 2.02) | 1.24 (0.99, 1.55) | 1 | ||||
| Stroke | .24 | .57 | .06 | .95 | ||||||
| Pooled | 15 028 | 1.23 (0.83, 1.83) | 1.01 (0.75, 1.38) | 1.74 (1.22, 2.47) | 1.35 (1.03, 1.77) | 1 | ||||
| US | 5 981 | 1.53 (0.91, 2.57) | 1.09 (0.72, 1.64) | 2.09 (1.36, 3.21) | 1.38 (0.96, 2.00) | 1 | ||||
| Europe | 9 047 | 0.94 (0.51, 1.73) | 0.90 (0.56, 1.46) | 0.88 (0.39, 1.97) | 1.36 (0.91, 2.03) | 1 | ||||
| High blood pressure | .17 | .45 | .96 | .14 | ||||||
| Pooled | 15 027 | 0.84 (0.74, 0.96) | 1.05 (0.95, 1.16) | 0.96 (0.83, 1.12) | 1.05 (0.96, 1.15) | 1 | ||||
| US | 5 980 | 0.94 (0.77, 1.15) | 1.10 (0.93, 1.28) | 0.98 (0.80, 1.20) | 1.14 (0.99, 1.31) | 1 | ||||
| Europe | 9 047 | 0.78 (0.66, 0.92) | 1.01 (0.89, 1.15) | 0.97 (0.78, 1.21) | 0.99 (0.87, 1.12) | 1 | ||||
| Smoking | .20 | .90 | .14 | .73 | ||||||
| Pooled | 9 806 | 1.12 (0.97, 1.31) | 0.85 (0.76, 0.96) | 1.77 (1.50, 2.09) | 1.08 (0.97, 1.21) | 1 | ||||
| US | 5 984 | 1.11 (0.91, 1.35) | 0.85 (0.73, 0.99) | 1.67 (1.38, 2.03) | 1.08 (0.94, 1.24) | 1 | ||||
| Europe | 3 822 | 1.37 (1.07, 1.75) | 0.87 (0.70, 1.07) | 2.20 (1.62, 2.99) | 1.12 (0.94, 1.34) | 1 | ||||
| Obesity | .13 | .39 | .37 | .13 | ||||||
| Pooled | 14 915 | 0.99 (0.86, 1.14) | 1.12 (1.01, 1.25) | 1.06 (0.91, 1.24) | 1.03 (0.93, 1.14) | 1 | ||||
| US | 5 984 | 1.08 (0.88, 1.33) | 1.17 (1.00, 1.37) | 1.01 (0.83, 1.23) | 0.95 (0.82, 1.09) | 1 | ||||
| Europe | 8 931 | 0.87 (0.71, 1.06) | 1.06 (0.92, 1.24) | 1.17 (0.91, 1.49) | 1.11 (0.96, 1.28) | 1 |
Note. CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio. The analyses controlled for race (United States only), age, education, and country of residence. The P value of the Wald test shows whether the estimated odds ratio for the United States differs significantly from the odds ratio in Europe. P values of the Wald test of less than .05 show significant differences.
Source. US Health and Retirement Study (1992–2006) and the Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe (2004–2009).