TABLE 2—
Counterfactual Probability of Chronic Diseases and Risk Factors for US Women Aged 50–72 Years if They Would Have Had the Same Distribution of and Health Risks Associated With Each Work-Family Typology as European Women
| Variable | Heart Disease, Probability (95% CI) | Stroke, Probability (95% CI) | High Blood Pressure, Probability (95% CI) | Smoking, Probability (95% CI) | Obesity, Probability (95% CI) |
| Observed original probabilities | |||||
| US womena | 0.172 (0.162, 0.181) | 0.044 (0.039, 0.049) | 0.533 (0.521, 0.546) | 0.511 (0.498, 0.523) | 0.371 (0.358, 0.383) |
| European womenb | 0.068 (0.063, 0.074) | 0.018 (0.015, 0.021) | 0.324 (0.314, 0.334) | 0.403 (0.387, 0.418) | 0.211 (0.203, 0.220) |
| Difference between the US and Europec | 0.103 (−0.067, 0.273) | 0.026 (−0.099, 0.151) | 0.209 (0.000, 0.418) | 0.108 (−0.127, 0.343) | 0.159 (−0.042, 0.361) |
| US counterfactual probabilities if European work–family typology distributions | |||||
| US counterfactual probabilityd | 0.169 (0.160, 0.179) | 0.041 (0.036, 0.046) | 0.531 (0.519, 0.545) | 0.503 (0.490, 0.515) | 0.374 (0.361, 0.386) |
| Difference with original US probabilitye | −0.002 (–0.196, 0.191) | −0.003 (−0.144, 0.139) | −0.001 (−0.224, 0.221) | −0.008 (−0.231, 0.215) | 0.003 (−0.216, 0.222) |
| Difference with European probabilityf | 0.101 (−0.069, 0.271) | 0.023 (−0.100, 0.147) | 0.208 (−0.001, 0.417) | 0.100 (−0.135, 0.335) | 0.162 (−0.039, 0.364) |
| US counterfactual probabilities if European health risks associated with each work–family typology | |||||
| US counterfactual probabilityg | 0.188 (0.179, 0.198) | 0.036 (0.032, 0.041) | 0.514 (0.501, 0.527) | 0.526 (0.514, 0.539) | 0.376 (0.364, 0.389) |
| Difference with original US probabilitye | 0.017 (−0.179, 0.212) | −0.008 (−0.147, 0.132) | −0.019 (−0.242, 0.203) | 0.016 (−0.207, 0.238) | 0.006 (−0.213, 0.225) |
| Difference with European probabilityf | 0.120 (−0.052, 0.292) | 0.018 (−0.103, 0.139) | 0.190 (−0.019, 0.399) | 0.124 (−0.111, 0.359) | 0.165 (−0.037, 0.366) |
| US counterfactual probabilities if European work–family typology distributions and European health risks associated with each typology | |||||
| US counterfactual probabilityh | 0.183 (0.173, 0.193) | 0.035 (0.031, 0.040) | 0.514 (0.501, 0.526) | 0.515 (0.502, 0.527) | 0.373 (0.360, 0.385) |
| Difference with original US probabilitye | 0.012 (−0.183, 0.206) | −0.008 (−0.148, 0.131) | −0.020 (−0.242, 0.203) | 0.004 (−0.207, 0.238) | 0.002 (−0.217, 0.221) |
| Difference with European probabilityf | 0.115 (−0.057, 0.286) | 0.017 (−0.103, 0.138) | 0.190 (−0.020, 0.399) | 0.112 (−0.123, 0.347) | 0.161 (−0.040, 0.363) |
Note. CI = confidence interval. The analyses controlled for race (United States only), age, education, and country of residence.
Source. US Health and Retirement Study (1992–2006) and the Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe (2004–2009).
The probability of risk factors and chronic diseases for US women.
The probability of risk factors and chronic diseases for European women.
The difference in probability for US and European women.
The probability of risk factors and chronic diseases for US women if the distribution of work–family typologies in the United States was substituted by the European distribution.
The difference between the original probability for US women and the estimated one.
The difference between the estimated probability for US women and the original probability for European women.
The probability of risk factors and chronic diseases for US women if the odds ratios related to the work–family typologies in the United States were substituted by those seen in Europe.
The probability of risk factors and chronic diseases for US women if the distribution of work–family typologies in the United States and the odds ratios related to the work–family typologies in the United States were substituted by those seen in Europe.