Table 1.
Details of studies developing CKD prediction models that were included for external validation
| Authors [ref] Publication year |
Study design/Study context Study period |
Ethnicity Age range | Population size Number (%) of CKD cases | Type of models Time horizon |
Handling of missing values Method of internal validation |
Definition of CKD | Predictors in model |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bang et al. [54] 2007 |
Cross-sectional population-based survey/Screening programme 1999-2002 |
US, mixed 20–85 years |
8530 601 (7.5 %) |
Logistic 2 years |
Excluded Random split-sample |
At least one eGFR measurement < 60a | Age, sex, anaemia, proteinuriaa, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, history of cardiovascular disease, history of heart failure, peripheral vascular disease |
| Chien et al. [51] 2010 |
Prospective cohort study/ Secondary care 2003 |
Taiwan, Chinese 51.2 years (mean) |
5168 190 (3.7) |
Cox 4 years |
NR NR |
At least one eGFR measurement < 60a | Age, BMI, diastolic blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, history of stroke |
| Hippisley-Cox and Coupland (QKidney®) [36] 2010 |
Prospective cohort population based/Primary care 2002-2008 |
UK, mixed 35–74 years |
1,591,884 23,786 (1.5 %) |
Cox 5 years |
Multiple imputation Random split-sample |
At least one eGFR measurement < 45a, kidney transplant; dialysis; nephropathy diagnosis; proteinuria | Age, ethnicity, deprivation, smoking, BMI, systolic blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular disease, treated hypertension, congestive cardiac failure, peripheral vascular disease, NSAID use, and family history of kidney disease |
| Kshirsagar et al. [53] 2008 |
Prospective cohort study/ Community-based 1987-1989 |
US, white and black 45–64 years |
9470 1605 (16.9 %) |
Logistic 9 years |
NR Random split sample |
At least one eGFR measurement < 60a | Age, sex, anaemia, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, history of cardiovascular disease, history of heart failure, peripheral vascular disease |
| Kwon et al. [55] 2012 |
Cross-sectional survey/ Population-based 2007-2009 |
Korean, Asian ≥19 years |
6565 100 (1.5 %) |
Logistic 1 year |
Excluded Split sample |
At least one eGFR measurement < 60a | Age, sex, anaemia, proteinuriaa, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, history of cardiovascular disease |
| O’Seaghdha et al. [52] 2011 |
Prospective cohort study/ Population-based 1995-2008 |
US white 45–64 years |
2490 229 (9.2 %) |
Logistic 10 years |
Excluded Bootstrap |
At least one eGFR measurement < 60a | Age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus |
| Thakkinstian et al. [56] 2011 |
Cross-sectional survey/ Community-based NR |
Thailand-Asian ≥ 18 years |
3459 606 (17.5 %) |
Logistic 1 year |
NR Bootstrap |
At least one eGFR measurement < 90a | Age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, kidney stones |
BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate, NR, not reported; NSAID, non-steroidal inflammatory drugs; US, United States
aPredictor not included in external validation due to missing data in our dataset