Table 2.
In vivo animal studies presenting the effect of TP508 on bone and bone healing
| Study/Year | Model | Mode of delivery | Results |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hedberg et al., 2004 [101] | Segmental bone defect in rabbits | PPF composite scaffolds with 200 or 100 μg TP508 | • Enhance bone formation with 200 μg TP508 possibly due to the initial high burst of the molecule |
| Sheller et al., 2004 [99] | Segmental bone defect in rabbits | Microspheres with 100 μg or 200 μg TP508 | • Enhanced healing of the defects with higher torsional stiffness in the animals treated with TP508 |
| Li et al., 2005 [100] | Distraction osteogenesis in rabbits | 30 μg or 300 μg into the distraction gap | • Enhanced bone formation and consolidation, the 300 μg treatment group had the most advanced results |
| Wang et al., 2005 [102] | Femoral fracture in rats | 1 μg or 10 μg in the fracture gap | • TP508 found to promote fracture healing by inducing the levels of growth factors, inflammatory mediators and angiogenesis-related genes |
| Amir et al., 2007 [98] | Distraction osteogenesis in rabbits | 30 or 300 μg into the distraction gap | • Enhance bone regeneration with increased number of osteoblasts |
| Li et al., 2007 [97] | Rat femoral fracture model | 1 μg, 10 μg or 100 μg in the fracture gap | • TP508 accelerated fracture healing by upregulating the expression levels of molecules involved in cellular proliferation, cellular growth and apoptosis |
| Wang et al., 2008 [96] | Distraction osteogenesis in rabbits | Slow releasing TP508 preparation (300 μg in PPF/PLGA microparticles) | • Enhanced bone consolidation process with better quality bone |
| Hanratty et al., 2009 [95] | High energy femoral fracture in mice | 10 μg or 100 μg at fracture site, or 100 μg at muscles adjacent the fracture | • 100 μg in fracture gap significantly increased bone formation and fracture stiffness • Less scar tissue and increased blood vessel formation was noted when TP508 was injected in the adjacent to the fracture muscles |
| Cakarer et al., 2010 [94] | Distraction osteogenesis in rats | 10 μg and 100 μg percutaneously | • Significant larger area of consolidation in the animal receiving TP508; the higher dose was more effective |