Table 3.
Characteristics of studies reporting on bone fracture meeting inclusion criteria (n = 6).
| Author | Country | N (Total) |
N (HIV- positive/ HCV- positive) ‘coinfected’ |
N (HIV- positive /HCV- negative) ‘mono- infected’ |
N (HIV- negative /HCV- negative) ‘uninfected’ |
Sex (% men) |
Age (years) |
Race/ ethnicity (%) |
BMI (kg/m2) |
ART exposure in HIV- positive (%) |
Cirrhosis/ fibrosis (%) |
Fracture classification method |
Fracture type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Collin et al.e [35] | France | 1166 | 291 | 875 | 0 | 77 | 36 (median) | 83a | 22.0 (median) | – | – | Self-report | All grade 3 or 4 fractures |
| Hansen et al. [40] | Denmark | 31 836 | 851 | 4455 | 26 530 | 76 | 37, 31–45 (median, IQR) | 80 W | – | 78 (during study) | – | ICD Codes | All (high energy and low energy) |
| Lo Re III et al. [6] | USA | 3 520 582 | 36 950 | 95 827 | 366 829b | 71 (+/+);64 (+/−); 71 (−/−) | 42 (+/+);39 (+/−); 42 (−/−); (median) | (+/+);28 W, 40 B, 8 H, 25 O | – | – | – | ICD codes | Hip fracture |
| Maalouf et al. [27] | USA | 56 660 | 17 762 | 38 898 | 0 | 98 | 45 (+/+);44 (+/−) (median) | 35 W (+/+);49 W (+/−) | 15% (+/+);14% (+/−) (BMI<20) | 64 (current) | APRI fibrosisc; 37 (+/+);42 (+/−); APRI cirrhosisc; 52 (+/+);25 (+/−) | ICD codes | Fragility (vertebra, hip, wrist); ‘Osteoporotic’ |
| Yin et al.e [34] | USA | 2391 | 438 | 1290 | 663 | 0 | 40 (HIV-positive); 36 (HIV-negative) (mean) | – | 29 (HIV-positive); 30 (HIV-negative) (mean) | 66 (at index visit) | – | Self-report | All, fragility (fall from standing height or less) |
| Young et al.d [21] | USA | 224 490 054 | 819 | 4235 | 224 485 000 | 78 | 40, 36–46 (median, IQR) | 52 W; 33 B; 12 H; 4 O | 25 (median) | 73 (ever) | – | ICD codes (HIV−); Self/clinical report (HIV-positive) | All, fragility (wrist, vertebra, femoral neck of hip) |
A, Asian; B, black; EFV, efavirenz; H, Hispanic/Latino; IQR, interquartile range; NA, not available; O, Other; TDF, tenofovir; U, unknown; W, white. +/+, coinfected; +/−, HIV-monoinfected; −/−, uninfected. All numerical values were rounded to nearest whole number.
Unspecified; 83.1% born in France or England.
Only HIV-negative/HCV-negative control group matched to HIV-positive/HCV-positive controls.
APRI (Aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index) score, 0.5–1.49: Fibrosis; 1.5 ≤ Cirrhosis.
Control group data from 2006, all other characteristics are from participants during 2000–2008 follow-up period.
Some unpublished data obtained from communications with author.