Table 2.
ᅟDescription of interventions and outcomes
| Author, Year, Country | Session number, frequency and duration | Session topic examples | Tools, props, action orientation | Outcomes | Measurement tools | Method of data analysis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Comellas (2010) [25], United States | 5 sessions | Diagnosis, self-management, goal setting, sexual health | Goal setting | Physical and nutrition self-care activities and overall well-being. | Surveys (SDSCA measure), World Health Organization 5-item Well-Being Scale, | Comparisons were made from baseline data to evaluate change from pre to post intervention |
| Crogan, Evans & Bendel (2008)a, [24] United States | 12 weekly sessions, 1.5 h long | Diagnosis, living with disease, loss of control, relationships, death | N/A | Pain | McGill Pain Questionnaire | Repeated measures analysis of variance |
| Stress | Index of Clinical Stress, Cantril’s Ladder | |||||
| Self-efficacy | Physical Self-Efficacy Scale | |||||
| Mood | Satisfaction with Life Scale, Brief Depression Rating Scale | |||||
| Coping | Index of Clinical Stress, Cantril’s Ladder | |||||
| Satisfaction with Life | Satisfaction with Life Scale, Brief Depression Rating Scale | |||||
| Evans, Crogan & Bendel (2008)a, [37] United States | 12 weekly sessions, 1.5 h long | Coping, control issues, life, hope, desires, fear, relationships | N/A | Healing for clients and their relationships; finding meaning in & transforming suffering; acceptance of life journey, including death | Index of Clinical Stress | Exit Interviews, Facilitator debriefing questionnaires |
| Cantril’s Ladder | ||||||
| McGill Pain Questionnaire | ||||||
| Satisfaction With Life Scale | ||||||
| Brief Depression Rating Scale | ||||||
| Other qualitative data | Exit Interview | |||||
| Ability of the nurse facilitator to effectively implement storytelling techniques and differentiate storytelling group from the control group | Facilitator Debriefing Questionnaire | |||||
| Greenhalgh et al. (2011a)b, [12] United Kingdom | 72 biweekly sessions, 2 h long | Feeding the family, medication, dealing with doctors | Pills, food samples | Primary outcome (a composite of blood pressure, smoking status, lipid ratio, atrial fibrillation, and HbA1c) | UKPDS (UK Prospective Diabetes Study) coronary risk score | Statistical comparison |
| Secondary outcomes included attendance | Observation | |||||
| Secondary outcomes included HbA1c | Blood test | |||||
| Secondary outcomes included well-being | Psychometric questionnaire | |||||
| Secondary outcomes included confidence in managing and living with illness | Patient Enablement Instrument (PEI) | |||||
| Greenhalgh, Collard & Begum (2005b), [26] United Kingdom | Unknown | Diagnosis, diet, exercise, check-ups, medications, shopping, feelings | Pills, insulin, glucose meters, letters, activities (eg. self-monitoring, cooking, trying exercises, looking at shoes) | Mean Glucose Concentration | Blood test | Constant comparative method |
| Greenhalgh et al. (2011b), [15] United Kingdom | 13 biweekly sessions, 2 h long | Diagnosis, weight loss, diet, exercise, medication | Food samples, glucose meters, artifacts (eg. hospital letters, tablets), exercising, group trips | Stories told How stories inform program design | Ritchie & Spencer’s ‘framework’ method Narrative analysis Interpretive analysis | Ritchie & Spencer ‘Framework’ (2003), Narrative analysis and Interpretive analysis using Bakhtin’s (1981) dialogical approach and Riessman’s (2008) notion of storytelling as performance |
| Koch & Kralik (2001), [28] Australia | 10 sessions (40 h of contact) | Sex, incontinence, life with disease | Creating, implementing, and evaluating plans of action | Cycles of look, think, act in PAR approach | Observation | By research team concurrently with data generation |
| Piana (2010), [20] Italy | 9 days (2 h autobiographical approach, 1.5 h diabetes self-management education) | Diagnosis, challenges of living with diabetes, relationship with food, relationship with one’s own body, with others and self care. | Writing, communication through songs, poems, readings, images, drawings and creative workshops | Stress reduction, change in self-perception, perception of relationships with others and with the disease itself | Questionnaires with open ended questions | Qualitative analysis on the open-ended questions |
| Sitvast (2013) [27], the Netherlands | 8 weekly sessions | Family, friends, pets, hobbies, independence, jobs | Photos, goal setting and planning activities | Moral Learning Self-Motivation Action | Framework of methodological steps | Structural analysis on a meta level grounded in the tradition of interpretivism and ethnography |
| Struthers et al. (2003) [17], United States | 12 sessions | Diabetes (perceptions, facts, prevention), nutrition (basics, preparation traditional foods), healthy lifestyles (physical, emotional, family, community) | Flip charts, visual aids, symbolic item (eg. feather or rock) | Individual anthropometrics Participant experience | Pretest (introductory session) & post-test (final session) for individual anthropometrics Clinic health charts also reviewed, Interviews | Comparative, Phenomenological, Verification from participants |
(a or b) same intervention