. 2016 Apr 10;665(1):149–170. doi: 10.1177/0002716216632782

Table 3.

Differences in Outcomes between Children Who Experience Paternal Incarceration and Children Who Do Not, by Frequency and Duration of Paternal Incarceration, Controlling for Background Characteristics

	Exams failed	High school dropout	Criminal conviction	Violent crime	Incarceration	Prison sentence
Frequency
1 paternal inc.^a	.046^***	.079^***	.047^***	.018^***	.039^***	.010^***
	(.006)^cde	(.009)^bc	(.006)^cde	(.004)^de	(.005)^cde	(.003)^ce
2 paternal inc.^b	.062^***	.120^***	.066^***	.015^*	.048^***	.021^***
	(.010)^ce	(.014)^a	(.011)^de	(.006)^de	(.009)^de	(.005)^e
3 paternal inc.^c	.103^***	.131^***	.091^***	.037^***	.073^***	.034^***
	(.016)^ab	(.021)^a	(.017)^a	(.011)	(.015)^ae	(.009)^a
4 paternal inc.^d	.100^***	.105^***	.123^***	.052^***	.101^***	.025^*
	(.020)^a	(.027)	(.023)^ab	(.016)^ab	(.021)^ab	(.011)
5+ paternal inc.^e	.100^***	.114^***	.126^***	.056^***	.118^***	.043^***
	(.014)^ab	(.018)	(.015)^ab	(.010)^ab	(.014)^abc	(.009)^ab
Control variables	YES	YES	YES	YES	YES	YES
N	58,117	62,263	62,263	62,263	62,263	62,263
R ²	.091	.061	.059	.030	.061	.023
Total duration
Arrest only^a	.053^***	.084^***	.052^***	.016^***	.040^***	.012^***
	(.005)^d	(.008)^b	(.006)^cd	(.003)^bcd	(.005)^bcd	(.003)^cd
< 3 months^b	.068^***	.125^***	.071^***	.033^***	.065^***	.022^***
	(.008)^d	(.012)^a	(.009)^cd	(.006)^a	(.008)^ad	(.005)^d
3–12 months^c	.090^***	.086^***	.134^***	.051^***	.104^***	.040^***
	(.019)	(.024)	(.021)^ab	(.014)^a	(.019)^a	(.011)^a
12+ months^d	.108^***	.112^***	.138^***	.048^***	.128^***	.049^***
	(.018)^ab	(.024)	(.020)^ab	(.013)^a	(.019)^ab	(.012)^ab
Control variables	YES	YES	YES	YES	YES	YES
N	58,117	62,263	62,263	62,263	62,263	62,263
R ²	.090	.061	.059	.029	.061	.023
Frequency and total duration
Low freq. / Low dur.^a	.050^***	.091^***	.051^***	.016^***	.040^***	.013^***
Low freq. / Low dur.^a	(.005)^cd	(.008)^c	(.005)^cd	(.003)^cd	(.005)^cd	(.002)^cd
Low freq. / High dur.^b	.062^*	.081^*	.083**	.036	.078**	.027
Low freq. / High dur.^b	(.026)	(.035)	(.028)^d	(.019)	(.026)	(.015)
High freq. / Low dur.^c	.095^***	.124^***	.092^***	.047^***	.085^***	.031^***
High freq. / Low dur.^c	(.012)^a	(.016)^a	(.012)^ad	(.008)^a	(.011)^ad	(.006)^a
High freq. / High dur.^d	.110^***	.106^***	.150^***	.053^***	.125^***	.047^***
High freq. / High dur.^d	(.015)^a	(.020)	(.017)^abc	(.011)^a	(.016)^ac	(.010)^a
Control variables	YES	YES	YES	YES	YES	YES
N	58,117	62,263	62,263	62,263	62,263	62,263
R ²	.091	.061	.059	.030	.061	.023

NOTE: Results from OLS models. Reference category is no paternal incarceration in all models. Superscripts indicate parameter estimates that differ from each other, within each model.

p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.