Table 3.
Exams failed | High school dropout | Criminal conviction | Violent crime | Incarceration | Prison sentence | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency | ||||||
1 paternal inc.a | .046*** | .079*** | .047*** | .018*** | .039*** | .010*** |
(.006)cde | (.009)bc | (.006)cde | (.004)de | (.005)cde | (.003)ce | |
2 paternal inc.b | .062*** | .120*** | .066*** | .015* | .048*** | .021*** |
(.010)ce | (.014)a | (.011)de | (.006)de | (.009)de | (.005)e | |
3 paternal inc.c | .103*** | .131*** | .091*** | .037*** | .073*** | .034*** |
(.016)ab | (.021)a | (.017)a | (.011) | (.015)ae | (.009)a | |
4 paternal inc.d | .100*** | .105*** | .123*** | .052*** | .101*** | .025* |
(.020)a | (.027) | (.023)ab | (.016)ab | (.021)ab | (.011) | |
5+ paternal inc.e | .100*** | .114*** | .126*** | .056*** | .118*** | .043*** |
(.014)ab | (.018) | (.015)ab | (.010)ab | (.014)abc | (.009)ab | |
Control variables | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
N | 58,117 | 62,263 | 62,263 | 62,263 | 62,263 | 62,263 |
R 2 | .091 | .061 | .059 | .030 | .061 | .023 |
Total duration | ||||||
Arrest onlya | .053*** | .084*** | .052*** | .016*** | .040*** | .012*** |
(.005)d | (.008)b | (.006)cd | (.003)bcd | (.005)bcd | (.003)cd | |
< 3 monthsb | .068*** | .125*** | .071*** | .033*** | .065*** | .022*** |
(.008)d | (.012)a | (.009)cd | (.006)a | (.008)ad | (.005)d | |
3–12 monthsc | .090*** | .086*** | .134*** | .051*** | .104*** | .040*** |
(.019) | (.024) | (.021)ab | (.014)a | (.019)a | (.011)a | |
12+ monthsd | .108*** | .112*** | .138*** | .048*** | .128*** | .049*** |
(.018)ab | (.024) | (.020)ab | (.013)a | (.019)ab | (.012)ab | |
Control variables | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
N | 58,117 | 62,263 | 62,263 | 62,263 | 62,263 | 62,263 |
R 2 | .090 | .061 | .059 | .029 | .061 | .023 |
Frequency and total duration | ||||||
Low freq. / Low dur.a | .050*** | .091*** | .051*** | .016*** | .040*** | .013*** |
(.005)cd | (.008)c | (.005)cd | (.003)cd | (.005)cd | (.002)cd | |
Low freq. / High dur.b | .062* | .081* | .083** | .036 | .078** | .027 |
(.026) | (.035) | (.028)d | (.019) | (.026) | (.015) | |
High freq. / Low dur.c | .095*** | .124*** | .092*** | .047*** | .085*** | .031*** |
(.012)a | (.016)a | (.012)ad | (.008)a | (.011)ad | (.006)a | |
High freq. / High dur.d | .110*** | .106*** | .150*** | .053*** | .125*** | .047*** |
(.015)a | (.020) | (.017)abc | (.011)a | (.016)ac | (.010)a | |
Control variables | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
N | 58,117 | 62,263 | 62,263 | 62,263 | 62,263 | 62,263 |
R 2 | .091 | .061 | .059 | .030 | .061 | .023 |
NOTE: Results from OLS models. Reference category is no paternal incarceration in all models. Superscripts indicate parameter estimates that differ from each other, within each model.
p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.