Table 1. . Examples of post isolation modifications to exosomes for nanomedicine purposes.

Exosome type	Modification	Strategy	Purpose	Ref.
Human embryonic kidney 293T	Engineered structure modification	Attach fluorescent Alex Fluor® 680-Streptavidin to luciferase-biotin surface fusion protein	Enable dual bioluminescent and fluorescent imaging	[16]
Mouse 4T1 breast cancer	Natural structure modification	Conjugate surface protein amine groups to Azide-Fluor 545 using ‘click chemistry’	Enable fluorescent imaging of exosomes	[17]
Mouse MSC	Natural structure repurposing	Transfer bioactive PD-L1 to autoreactive T cells	Inhibit autoreactive T cells in an EAE mouse model	[18]
Mouse N2a neuroblastoma	Natural structure repurposing	Transfer aβ aggregates on glycosaminoglycans to brain microglial cells for removal	Evaluate a new therapeutic approach for Alzheimer's disease using a mouse model	[19]
Mouse EL-4 T-cell lymphoma	Passive loading of hydrophobic cargo	Load anti-inflammatory curcumin into exosome membranes	Increase curcumin stability and efficacy in a septic shock model	[20]
Mouse EL-4 T-cell lymphoma	Passive loading of hydrophobic cargo	Load anti-inflammatory curcumin or JSI-124 into exosome membranes	Test intranasal therapy for inflammatory brain conditions in mouse models	[21]
Mouse DC	Electroporation of hydrophilic cargo	Load siRNA to BACE1 into exosomes expressing RVG-Lamp2b which binds to ACh receptors	Deliver siRNA to BACE1, an Alzheimer's disease target, across the blood–brain barrier in a mouse model	[22]
Mouse DC	Electroporation of hydrophilic cargo	Load siRNA to α-synuclein into exosomes expressing RVG-Lamp2b which binds ACh receptors	Deliver siRNA to α-synuclein, a Parkinson's disease target, across the blood–brain barrier in a mouse model	[23]
Human plasma exosomes	Electroporation of hydrophilic cargo	Load siRNA to MAPK-1 into exosomes	Suppress MAPK-1 in monocytes and lymphocytes	[24]
Mouse M12.4 B lymphocyte	Electroporation of hydrophilic cargo	Load miRNA-155 inhibitor into exosomes	Suppress LPS-induced TNF-α production in macrophages	[25]
Human MDA-MB231, HUVEC, hMSC, hESC	Electroporation of hydrophilic cargo	Load porphyrin model drugs into different types of exosomes	Test encapsulation efficiency of porphyrins based on hydrophobicity and loading method	[7]
Mouse immature DC	Electroporation of hydrophilic cargo	Load doxorubicin into Lamp2b-αV-integrin-specific iRGD peptide expressing exosomes	Target and treat αV-integrin expressing breast tumors in mice	[26]
Human MDA-MB231 breast cancer, HCT-116 colon cancer	Electroporation of hydrophilic cargo	Load doxorubicin into exosomes	Improve doxorubicin efficacy and reduce cardiotoxicity in a breast cancer model	[27]
Mouse aortic primary endothelial cell	Electroporation of hydrophilic cargo	Load siRNA to luciferase into exosomes	Determine autocrine uptake efficiency of endothelial exosomes by endothelial cells	[28]
Mouse B16-F10 melanoma	Electroporation of hydrophilic cargo	Load 5 nm superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION5) into exosomes using trehalose pulse media	Develop a trehalose pulse media to maximize exosome colloidal stability during cargo loading via EP	[11]
Mouse B16-F10 melanoma	Electroporation of hydrophilic cargo	Load theranostic SPION5 cargo into exosomes	Track exosome homing to lymph nodes in mice using MRI	[29]

DC: Dendritic cell; EAE: Experimental autoimmune encephalitis; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; MSC: Mesenchymal stem cell.