Table 1.

Characteristics of the included evidence

Population characteristics across included studies
Total number of participants	181 006
Age of participants	18 and over
Breakdown of the population according to world region	Europe: 38% of participants North America: 33% of participants Asia (Japan and Asian Russia): 25% of participants Australia: 5% of participants
Study characteristics
Baseline data collection years, range	1965–1996
Length of follow-up, range	3–21 years
Size, range	Between 98 and 47 713 subjects
Gender	All-male sample in nine papers21–29 All-female sample in six papers30–35 Mixed sample in eight papers36–43