Fig. 3.

The graph of estimated causal relations between the biochemical agents in the ref. 44 data. Blue edges are found by an invariant prediction approach, whereas red edges are found if allowing hidden variables and feedback with invariant prediction. Purple edges are found with invariant prediction whether allowing for hidden variables or not. The solid edges (including the gray edges) are all relations that have been reported in either the consensus network according to ref. 44, or the newly reported edges in ref. 44, 9, or 8. See also SI Appendix, Table S1.