Table 4.
Prevalence ratios for nondipping BP associated with psychosocial factors
| Variable | Prevalence ratio (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
| Stress exposure | |||
| Chronic stress (SD = 4.3) | 0.98 (0.92–1.04) | 0.99 (0.93–1.06) | 0.99 (0.93–1.06) |
| Weekly stress-frequency (SD = 20.2) | 1.02 (0.97–1.08) | 1.03 (0.97–1.08) | 1.02 (0.97–1.08) |
| Weekly stress-impact (SD = 77.3) | 1.02 (0.97–1.08) | 1.03 (0.97–1.08) | 1.02 (0.97–1.08) |
| Discrimination-everyday (SD = 1.0) | 1.02 (0.97–1.08) | 1.03 (0.98–1.08) | 1.03 (0.98–1.08) |
| Discrimination-lifetime (SD = 2.2) | 0.96 (0.90–1.01) | 0.97 (0.91–1.02) | 0.96 (0.91–1.02) |
| Discrimination-burden (SD = 0.8) | 0.98 (0.92–1.04) | 0.97 (0.92–1.03) | 0.97 (0.92–1.03) |
| Negative emotions | |||
| Depressive symptoms (SD = 8.1) | 1.05 (0.99–1.10) | 1.05 (0.99–1.10) | 1.05 (0.99–1.12) |
| Hopelessness (SD = 1.6) | 1.03 (0.97–1.09) | 1.02 (0.96–1.08) | 1.02 (0.96–1.08) |
| Hostility (SD = 4.7) | 1.05 (0.99–1.11) | 1.04 (0.98–1.10) | 1.04 (0.99–1.11) |
| Anger-in (SD = 3.2) | 0.98 (0.92–1.03) | 0.98 (0.93–1.04) | 0.97 (0.92–1.03) |
| Anger-out (SD = 2.9) | 0.98 (0.92–1.04) | 0.98 (0.92–1.04) | 0.98 (0.92–1.04) |
| Psychosocial resources | |||
| Perceived support (SD = 7.1) | 0.93 (0.89–0.98)* | 0.94 (0.89–0.99)* | 0.93 (0.88–0.99)* |
| Social network (SD = 0.9) | 1.00 (0.95–1.06) | 1.00 (0.94–1.06) | 1.04 (0.96–1.14)a |
| Spirituality (SD = 4.6) | 0.96 (0.90–1.02) | 0.96 (0.91–1.02) | 0.96 (0.91–1.02) |
| Church attendance (SD = 0.9) | 1.00 (0.95–1.06) | 1.00 (0.94–1.06) | 1.01 (0.95–1.07) |
| Prayer (SD = 1.3) | 0.99 (0.94–1.06) | 0.99 (0.94–1.06) | 1.00 (0.94–1.06) |
| Religious coping (SD = 0.6) | 0.95 (0.89–1.01) | 0.95 (0.89–1.02) | 0.95 (0.89–1.02) |
| Engagement coping (SD = 4.3) | 0.95 (0.90–1.01) | 0.95 (0.89–1.01) | 0.95 (0.90–1.01) |
| Disengagement coping (SD = 4.4) | 1.01 (0.96–1.07) | 1.01 (0.95–1.07) | 1.00 (0.94–1.06) |
Values in table represent the prevalence ratio (95% CI) associated with 1 SD higher psychosocial factor. SDs for each psychosocial factor are shown in the first column. Each row shows results of regression models for a single psychosocial factor with progressive adjustment for covariates (Models 1–3). Model 1: unadjusted. Model 2: adjusted for: age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and mean 24-hour systolic blood pressure (SBP). Model 3: adjusted for: age, sex, BMI, mean 24-hour SBP, income, years of education, marital status, employment, antihypertensive medication use, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, high obstructive sleep apnea risk, smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, dietary sodium, dietary potassium, and sleep quality.
Abbreviations: BP, blood pressure; CI, confidence interval.
aThis model is not adjusted for marital status since this variable is used to calculate social network.
*P < 0.05.