Table 4.
Mean differences in changes in SBP and DBP (SE) with psychosocial factors among African Americans, Jackson Heart Study, 2000–2004 and 2005–2008 (first imputation)
| Psychosocial measures | Changes in SBP (SE) | Changes in DBP (SE) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
| Cynical distrust | ||||||
| Low (n = 351) | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Medium (n = 464) | 2.48 (2.02) | 2.07 (2.04) | 1.34 (2.14) | 1.64 (1.25) | 1.48 (1.27) | 0.57 (1.32) |
| High (n = 222) | 0.41 (2.43) | −0.21 (2.48) | −1.07 (2.62) | 1.92 (1.51) | 1.78 (1.54) | 1.27 (1.61) |
| P for trend | 0.43 | 0.49 | 0.60 | 0.32 | 0.40 | 0.73 |
| Cynical distrust (SD units) | 0.79 (0.88) | 0.57 (0.90) | 0.18 (0.95) | 0.65 (0.55) | 0.57 (0.56) | 0.32 (0.59) |
| Anger-in | ||||||
| Low (n = 432) | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Medium (n = 248) | 1.33 (2.13) | 1.39 (2.32) | 1.59 (2.42) | 1.19 (1.43) | 1.13 (1.43) | 1.06 (1.47) |
| High (n = 377) | 0.44 (2.04) | 0.37 (2.04) | −0.58 (2.13) | 0.65 (1.26) | 0.63 (1.26) | 0.64 (1.29) |
| P for trend | 0.85 | 0.83 | 0.67 | 0.70 | 0.72 | 0.75 |
| Anger-in (SD units) | −0.03 (0.88) | −0.05 (0.88) | −0.45 (0.91) | 0.69 (0.54) | 0.72 (0.54) | 0.68 (0.55) |
| Anger-out | ||||||
| Low (n = 435) | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Medium (n = 270) | −0.56 (2.24) | −0.54 (2.24) | −0.80 (2.33) | 0.40 (1.36) | 0.46 (1.36) | 0.75 (1.40) |
| High (n = 369) | 0.79 (2.10) | 0.87 (2.10) | 0.91 (2.19) | 2.22 (1.28)† | 2.30(1.28)† | 2.73 (1.31)*,a |
| P for trend | 0.84 | 0.83 | 0.78 | 0.20 | 0.18 | 0.11 |
| Anger-out (SD units) | −0.53 (0.93) | −0.53 (0.93) | −0.71 (0.97) | 0.81 (0.57) | 0.82 (0.57) | 0.84 (0.58) |
| Depressive symptoms | ||||||
| Low (n = 375) | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Medium (n = 336) | −1.54 (2.15) | −1.89 (2.18) | −1.47 (2.26) | −0.27 (1.33) | −0.29 (1.35) | 0.13 (1.38) |
| High (n = 333) | 0.40 (2.20) | 0.00 (2.24) | −0.17 (2.34) | 1.21 (1.36) | 1.18 (1.38) | 1.27 (1.43) |
| P for trend | 0.65 | 0.61 | 0.78 | 0.53 | 0.54 | 0.63 |
| Depressive symptoms (SD units) | −0.31 (0.96) | −0.49 (0.97) | −0.79 (1.01) | 0.53 (0.59) | 0.53 (0.60) | 0.50 (0.62) |
| Perceived stress | ||||||
| Low (n = 469) | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Medium (n = 550) | −1.95 (1.86) | −1.83 (1.86) | −1.55 (1.94) | −1.29 (1.11) | −1.32 (1.12) | −1.11 (1.15) |
| High (n = 628) | −1.53 (1.83) | −1.55 (1.83) | −1.29 (1.94) | −0.54 (1.10) | −0.57 (1.10) | −0.63 (1.15) |
| P for trend | 0.55 | 0.58 | 0.71 | 0.50 | 0.49 | 0.63 |
| Perceived stress (SD units) | −0.77 (0.74) | −0.80 (0.74) | −0.93 (0.77) | −0.24 (0.44) | −0.25 (0.44) | −0.36 (0.46) |
| WSI-event | ||||||
| Low (n = 317) | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Medium (n = 413) | 0.35 (2.18) | 0.57 (2.19) | 1.08 (2.28) | 2.33 (1.34)† | 2.38 (1.34)† | 2.63 (1.38)† |
| High (n = 452) | 1.29 (2.20) | 1.30 (2.20) | 2.21 (2.31) | 1.65 (1.35) | 1.58 (1.35) | 2.53 (1.40)† |
| P for trend | 0.82 | 0.84 | 0.63 | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.11 |
| WSI-event (SD units) | 0.72 (0.87) | 0.69 (0.87) | 0.75 (0.91) | 0.54 (0.53) | 0.49 (0.54) | 0.64 (0.55) |
| WSI-impact | ||||||
| Low (n = 299) | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Medium (n = 335) | 0.67 (2.30) | 0.74 (2.30) | 1.38 (2.39) | 0.77 (1.42) | 0.68 (1.43) | 1.46 (1.46) |
| High (n = 381) | 1.93 (2.28) | 1.92 (2.29) | 2.02 (2.38) | 1.35 (1.41) | 1.24 (1.41) | 1.75 (1.45) |
| P for trend | 0.69 | 0.69 | 0.69 | 0.64 | 0.68 | 0.45 |
| WSI-impact (SD units) | 1.13 (0.90) | 1.12 (0.91) | 1.19 (0.95) | 0.88 (0.56) | 0.86 (0.56) | 1.04 (0.58)† |
| Major life events | ||||||
| Low (n = 879) | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Medium (n = 360) | 0.54 (1.76) | 0.63 (1.76) | 0.72 (1.83) | 1.71 (1.06) | 1.70 (1.06) | 1.40 (1.09) |
| High (n = 271) | −0.92 (1.98) | −0.95 (1.98) | −1.53 (2.04) | 1.04 (1.19) | 1.05 (1.19) | 1.00 (1.22) |
| P for trend | 0.81 | 0.79 | 0.63 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.39 |
| Major life events (SD units) | −0.40 (0.76) | −0.40 (0.76) | −0.56 (0.78) | 0.41 (0.46) | 0.40 (0.46) | 0.42 (0.47) |
| Cumulative negative affect | ||||||
| Low (n = 316) | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Medium (n = 390) | 2.27 (2.16) | 2.13 (2.17) | 2.61 (2.27) | 1.50 (1.32) | 1.46 (1.33) | 1.93 (1.37) |
| High (n = 215) | 0.78 (2.54) | 0.43 (2.56) | −0.13 (2.69) | 1.74 (1.55) | 1.69 (1.57) | 2.27 (1.63) |
| P for trend | 0.57 | 0.59 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.45 | 0.26 |
| Cumulative negative affect (SD units) | 0.19 (0.95) | 0.05 (0.96) | −0.07 (1.01) | 0.69 (0.58) | 0.67 (0.58) | 0.92 (0.61) |
| Cumulative stress | ||||||
| Low (n = 268) | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent | Referent |
| Medium (n = 423) | −0.11 (2.19) | −0.12 (2.19) | 0.03 (2.30) | 2.59 (1.36)† | 2.45 (1.36)† | 2.38 (1.41)† |
| High (n = 236) | 2.94 (2.57) | 2.95 (2.58) | 2.96 (2.70) | 3.52 (1.60)*,a | 3.37 (1.60)*,a | 3.67 (1.65)*,a |
| P for trend | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.42 | 0.06† | 0.08† | 0.08† |
| Cumulative stress (SD units) | 0.96 (0.98) | 0.96 (0.98) | 1.10 (1.03) | 1.07 (0.61)† | 1.02 (0.61)† | 1.21 (0.63)† |
PR represents prevalence ratio; low, medium, and high represent the first, second, and third tertile of each psychosocial factor at baseline. Model 1 is adjusted for age, gender, and psychosocial factor; model 2 is adjusted for model 1 + education; model 3 is adjusted for model 2 + current smoking, sodium intake, calories from fat, total fiber, physical activity, BMI, type 2 diabetes, and total cholesterol. P for trend represents the linear trend across categories for each psychosocial factor. First imputation—for participants taking antihypertensive medications, BP values were imputed by adding 10mm Hg to the SBP and 5mm Hg to the DBP.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; PR, prevalence ratio; SBP, systolic blood pressure; WSI, weekly stress inventory.
aBonferroni-adjusted P value for multiple testing: 0.02 (negative affect measures) and 0.02 (stress measures).
† P ≤ 0.1; *P ≤ 0.05.