Table 3.
Factors Related to Smokeless Tobacco Use Among Males Ages ≥18 in the United States, 1992–2011—Logistic Regression
| Univariate model | Multivariable model | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | |
| Age (y)* | ||||
| 18–24 | Ref | <.0001 | Ref | <.0001 |
| 25–44 | 1.2 (1.1, 1.4) | 1.3 (1.1, 1.5) | ||
| 45–64 | 0.71 (0.64, 0.79) | 0.59 (0.47, 0.73) | ||
| ≥65 | 0.56 (0.49, 0.63) | 0.39 (0.27, 0.56) | ||
| Birth year | 1.0 (1.0, 1.0) | <.0001 | 1.0 (1.0, 1.0) | .4581 |
| Race | ||||
| White | 3.1 (2.7, 3.5) | <.0001 | 3.2 (2.7, 3.8) | <.0001 |
| Other | Ref | Ref | ||
| Region | ||||
| Northeast | Ref | <.0001 | Ref | <.0001 |
| Midwest | 2.4 (2.2, 2.7) | 1.9 (1.6, 2.2) | ||
| South | 2.8 (2.5, 3.1) | 2.5 (2.2, 2.9) | ||
| West | 1.5 (1.4, 1.7) | 1.5 (1.3, 1.8) | ||
| Education level* | ||||
| Less than 12 years | Ref | <.0001 | Ref | <.0001 |
| H.S. degree | 1.3 (1.2, 1.4) | 1.4 (1.2, 1.6) | ||
| Some college | 0.93 (0.84, 1.0) | 1.0 (0.90, 1.2) | ||
| College degree+ | 0.44 (0.40, 0.49) | 0.58 (0.50, 0.68) | ||
| Household income* | ||||
| Less than $14 999 | Ref | <.0001 | Ref | .071 |
| $15 000 to $34 999 | 1.0 (0.93, 1.1) | 1.0 (0.88, 1.2) | ||
| $35 000 to $74 999 | 1.0 (0.94, 1.1) | 1.1 (0.98, 1.3) | ||
| $75 000 or more | 0.73 (0.66, 0.81) | 1.0 (0.87, 1.2) | ||
| Residence | ||||
| MSA | Ref | Ref | ||
| Non-MSA | 3.2 (3.0, 3.4) | <.0001 | 2.6 (2.4, 2.8) | <.0001 |
| Unemployment | ||||
| Yes | 1.3 (1.1, 1.6) | .0016 | 1.4 (1.1, 1.7) | .0019 |
| No | Ref | Ref | ||
| Smoking status | ||||
| Current smoker | 1.1 (1.0, 1.2) | <.001 | 0.87 (0.79, 0.97) | <.001 |
| Former smoker | 1.7 (1.6, 1.9) | 2.0 (1.8, 2.2) | ||
| Never smoker | Ref | Ref | ||
CI = confidence interval; MSA = Metropolitan Statistical Area; OR = odds ratio; Ref = reference.
*Cochran-Armitage Trend Test shows P trend < .0001.