Table 2.
Results From Pooled Two-part Models (TPM) for Prevalence and Volume of Exclusive Cigarette, Bidi and Smokeless Use by Consumption Expenditure, Educational Attainment and Caste/Tribe Status of Households (2000–2012)
| Bidi | Cigarette use | Smokeless | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part I: ORs (SE) | Part-II: log (volume) (SE) | Part I: OR (SE) | Part-II: log (volume) | Part I: OR (SE) | Part-II: log (volume) | |
| t 1 (2005) | 0.87** (0.04) | −0.025 (0.03) | 0.81*** (0.03) | −0.16*** (0.03) | 1.49*** (0.06) | 2.58*** (0.07) |
| t 2 (2012) | 0.91 (0.04) | −0.26*** (0.03) | 0.74*** (0.04) | −0.37*** (0.04) | 1.66*** (0.07) | 2.41*** (0.08) |
| Q1 (poorest 25%) | 1.58*** (0.04) | −0.23*** (0.01) | 0.25*** (0.01) | −0.74*** (0.04) | 1.40*** (0.04) | −1.03*** (0.04) |
| t 1_Q1 (interaction: 2005 × poorest 25%) | 0.86*** (0.03) | −0.04* (0.02) | 0.79** (0.07) | 0.07 (0.06) | 0.86*** (0.03) | 0.80*** (0.06) |
| t 2_Q1 (interaction: 2012 × poorest 25%) | 1.09* (0.04) | −0.18*** (0.02) | 0.97 (0.07) | −0.12* (0.05) | 1.11** (0.04) | 0.95*** (0.06) |
| Q2 (poorer 25%) | 1.50*** (0.03) | −0.11*** (0.01) | 0.43***(0.02) | −0.46*** (0.03) | 1.33*** (0.03) | −0.69*** (0.04) |
| t 1_Q2 (interaction: 2005 × poorer 25%) | 1.01 (0.03) | −0.039* (0.02) | 0.89 (0.05) | −0.05 (0.04) | 0.92** (0.03) | 0.59*** (0.06) |
| t 2_Q2 (interaction: 2012 × poorer 25%) | 1.07 (0.04) | −0.07** (0.02) | 1.05 (0.06) | −0.09** (0.04) | 1.05 (0.04) | 0.71*** (0.06) |
| Illiterate households (households with illiterate members only) | 4.49*** (0.16) | 0.13*** (0.02) | 0.35*** (0.02) | −0.27*** (0.04) | 1.45*** (0.05) | −0.27*** (0.05) |
| t 1_illiterate households (interaction: 2005 × illiterate households) | 0.82*** (0.04) | −0.02 (0.03) | 1.70*** (0.11) | −0.01 (0.05) | 1.05 (0.04) | 0.45*** (0.07) |
| t 2_illiterate households (interaction: 2012 × illiterate households) | 0.64*** (0.03) | 0.004 (0.03) | 1.38*** (0.12) | −0.01 (0.07) | 0.94 (0.04) | 0.37*** (0.07) |
| Households with one primary schooled member | 4.16*** (0.15) | 0.11*** (0.02) | 0.51*** (0.03) | −0.27*** (0.04) | 1.47*** (0.05) | 0.06 (0.06) |
| t 1_households with one primary schooled member (interaction: 2005 × household with primary schooled member) | 0.62*** (0.03) | −0.08** (0.03) | 1.65*** (0.11) | 0.02 (0.05) | 0.94 (0.04) | 0.08 (0.08) |
| t 2_households with one primary schooled member (interaction: 2012 × households with primary schooled member) | 0.64*** (0.03) | 0.04 (0.03) | 1.22* (0.10) | 0.02 (0.06) | 0.95 (0.05) | −0.09 (0.08) |
| SC households | 1.63*** (0.04) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.89* (0.04) | −0.15*** (0.04) | 1.23*** (0.03) | −0.04 (0.04) |
| t 1_SC households (interaction: 2005 × SC households) | 0.97 (0.03) | −0.007 (0.02) | 0.94 (0.07) | 0.11* (0.05) | 0.99 (0.04) | −0.09 (0.06) |
| t 2_SC households (interaction: 2012 × SC households) | 0.88** (0.03) | −0.05** (0.02) | 1.14 (0.08) | 0.02 (0.05) | 0.93 (0.04) | 0.03 (0.07) |
| ST households | 1.30*** (0.04) | −0.12***(0.01) | 0.97 (0.05) | −0.39*** (0.04) | 1.62*** (0.04) | −0.44*** (0.04) |
| t 1_ST households (interaction: 2005 × ST households) | 1.01 (0.04) | 0.009 (0.02) | 1.09 (0.07) | 0.27*** (0.04) | 0.85*** (0.03) | 0.25*** (0.06) |
| t 2_ST households (interaction: 2012 × ST households) | 0.83*** (0.03) | 0.09*** (0.02) | 1.32*** (0.08) | 0.63*** (0.04) | 0.69*** (0.03) | 0.28*** (0.06) |
| Constant | 0.002 (0.00012) | 5.96 (0.04) | 0.34 (0.03) | 5.51 (0.07) | 0.004 (0.00036) | 3.17 (0.17) |
| Observations | 346 614 | 87 787 | 346 614 | 28 938 | 346 614 | 69 102 |
| R 2 (Pseudo R 2 for the ORs) | 0.17 | 0.27 | 0.15 | 0.25 | 0.18 | 0.40 |
OR = odds ratio; SC = Scheduled Caste; SES = socioeconomic status; ST = Scheduled Tribe. Trend estimates allow for comparisons across time through t 1 and t 2 (indicators for time 1 and time 2 for reference group) and t 1*SES and t 2*SES (indicators of change from time 1 and time 2 for specific SES group—eg, poorest 20% households; reference: richest quartile, households with at least one graduate member and Other/general caste households in 2000). Figures in the second row for each indictor are standard errors (SEs).
*P < .05; **P < .001, ***P < .0001.