Table 1.
Means and (Standard Deviations) by Mutually Exclusive Language Cohort
| Language Minorities | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| in ESL: English Learners | Not in ESL | Native English speakers | ||||
| Students (n)1 | 750 | 2,600 | 11,570 | |||
| Students (%) | 0.04 | 0.14 | 0.82 | |||
|
| ||||||
| Linguistic Background | ||||||
| Started school in U.S. inab: | ||||||
| Kindergarten | 0.48 | 0.87 | 0.99 | |||
| Between 1st and 3rd grade | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.01 | |||
| Between 4th and 6th grade | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.00 | |||
| Between 7th and 8th grade | 0.14 | 0.02 | 0.00 | |||
| 9th grade | 0.12 | 0.01 | 0.00 | |||
| 10th grade | 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |||
| Language | ||||||
| 10th grader’s English proficiencyab | 9.65 | (2.49) | 11.15 | (1.58) | 12.00 | (0.06) |
| How often 10th grader speaks native languagea | 6.14 | (3.89) | 4.43 | (3.61) | 0.00 | (0.10) |
| Parent’s current English proficiencyab | 6.35 | (3.94) | 4.89 | (4.47) | 11.91 | (0.75) |
| How often parent speaks native languageab | 7.38 | (4.09) | 9.09 | (3.46) | 0.27 | (1.39) |
| Social Background | ||||||
| Maleb | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.50 | |||
| Raceab: | ||||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 0.19 | 0.29 | 0.70 | |||
| Black, non-Hispanic | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.15 | |||
| Hispanic | 0.59 | 0.43 | 0.09 | |||
| Asian, non-Hispanic | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.02 | |||
| Other race | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.05 | |||
| Social class: | ||||||
| Parents completed BA or higherab | 0.27 | 0.31 | 0.41 | |||
| Family incomeab | 7.32 | (2.37) | 8.29 | (2.23) | 9.24 | (2.31) |
| Number of siblingsab | 2.84 | (1.57) | 2.52 | (1.45) | 2.27 | (1.54) |
| Academic Background | ||||||
| Ageab | 15.97 | (0.73) | 15.89 | (0.62) | 15.85 | (0.62) |
| Early high school achievement | ||||||
| 9th grade mathab | 3.13 | (1.40) | 3.68 | (1.37) | 3.81 | (1.48) |
| 9th grade scienceab | 1.83 | (1.31) | 2.32 | (1.09) | 2.44 | (1.21) |
| 9th grade GPA in academic coursesab | 2.42 | (0.77) | 2.53 | (0.77) | 2.74 | (0.86) |
| 10th grade reading test scoreab | 21.12 | (7.48) | 25.84 | (8.44) | 30.94 | (9.61) |
| Expectations and other educational markers | ||||||
| 10th grader’s educational expectationsab: | ||||||
| No college | 0.16 | 0.10 | 0.07 | |||
| 2-year college | 0.16 | 0.13 | 0.11 | |||
| 4-year college | 0.68 | 0.77 | 0.81 | |||
In order to conserve space, we omit meaures of school sector, region, and urbanicity.
1
- Per NCES guidelines, unweighted frequencies are rounded to the nearest 10.
a
- Differences between English Learners (in ESL) and LM peers not in ESL are significant (at least p<0.05).
b
-Differences between English Learners (in ESL) and native English speakers are significant (at least p<0.05).