Table 2. Results of equations for calculating forces produced during WAIR and takeoff using data from extant avians.
For Chukars body mass, wing area and body velocity are based on Tobalske & Dial (2007), Flapping frequency and angle are based on Jackson, Segre & Dial (2009). Coefficient of lift values (Cl) based on Heers, Tobalske & Dial (2011). For pigeons WAIR all data based on Jackson, Tobalske & Dial (2011) except for wing area, which is taken from pigeons Crandell & Tobalske (2011) from pigeons with similar mass and wing length. For avian takeoff values are based on Tobalske & Dial (2000) and Askew, Marsh & Ellington (2001).
| Taxon | Stage | Body Mass (kg) | Wing Area (m^2) | Flap angle (rad) | Wing beat (Hz) | Velocity (m/s) | BW | BW | BW | BW |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cl = 1.0 | Cl = 1.2 | Cl = 1.5 | Cl = 1.6 | |||||||
| Chukar | I | 0.024 | 0.0036 | 1.57 | 22 | 0.60 | 0.06 | 0.08 | – | – |
| Chukar | II | 0.222 | 0.0297 | 2.5 | 18.7 | 1.20 | 0.85 | 1.02 | – | – |
| Chukar | III | 0.605 | 0.0499 | 2.16 | 18.7 | 1.50 | 0.65 | 0.78 | 0.97 | 1.02 |
| Pigeon | WAIR 65° | 0.42–0.47 | 0.067 | 1.57 | 6.2–6.7 | 1.50 | 0.21–0.26 | 0.25–0.31 | 0.31–0.39 | 0.33–0.41 |
| Pigeon | WAIR 85° | 0.42–0.47 | 0.067 | 1.57 | 7.3–7.7 | 1.50 | 0.28–0.31 | 0.34–0.37 | 0.42–0.46 | 0.45–0.49 |
| Northern bobwhite | Take off | 0.199 | 0.0243 | 2.44 | 19.9 | 3.25 | – | – | – | 1.25 |
| Chukar | Take off | 0.4915 | 0.0483 | 2.64 | 16.1 | 2.87 | – | – | – | 1.62 |
| Ring necked pheasant | Take off | 0.9434 | 0.1002 | 2.64 | 11 | 2.34 | – | – | – | 1.37 |
| Turkey | Take off | 5.275 | 0.3453 | 2.79 | 7.6 | 2.32 | – | – | – | 1.26 |
| Blue breasted quail | Take off | 0.0436 | 0.0098 | 2.44 | 23.2 | 4.81 | – | – | – | 2.42 |
| Harris hawk | Take off | 0.92 | 0.119 | 2.60 | 5.8 | 4.13 | – | – | – | 2.07 |
| Pigeon | Take off | 0.307 | 0.0352 | 2.48 | 9.1 | 2.62 | – | – | – | 1.19 |