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. 2011 Jul 12;6(2):90–100. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00271.x

Figure 1.

Figure 1

 The multifunctional influenza‐specific Th1 CD4+ cytokine‐secreting response. Groups of five mice were intranasally immunised twice (21 days apart) with a subunit (SU) influenza A H5N1 vaccine. The control group consisted of unimmunised mice. Three groups were vaccinated with different antigen doses (7.5, 15 or 30 μg HA) of the chitosan‐adjuvanted (+) SU vaccine. One group was vaccinated with a non‐adjuvanted (−) SU vaccine with 30 μg HA, and a further group was immunised with a non‐adjuvanted 15 μg HA whole virus (WV) vaccine. Splenocytes were activated in vitro with homologous H5N1 antigen and were intracellularly stained for cytokine products and analysed by flow cytometry. The bars show the mean frequencies of multifunctional cells expressing combinations of IFN‐γ, IL‐2 and TNF‐α. HA, haemagglutinin.