Table 1.

Overview of Current Evidence of Oxytocin's Effects on Amygdala Resting-State Functional Connectivity

Reference	Design	Sample	Treatment	rsFC Paradigm	Main Findings
Dodhia et al. (2014)	WS	N: 18 patients with generalized social anxiety disorder (GSAD) vs. 18 healthy control (HC) Age: 19–55 yrs. Sex: males	Conditions: OT vs. P Dose: 24 IUs	ROI: Amygdala seed, whole brain Instructions: eyes closed, relax and let minds wander, not to fall sleep Duration: ~3 min	OT > P: OT administration in GSAD patients resulted in enhanced rsFC of bilateral amygdala with rostral ACC/mPFC relative to HC who administered P
Fan et al. (2014)	WS	N: 18 Age: 21–36 yrs. Sex: male	Conditions: OT vs. P Dose: 24 IUs	ROI: amygdala seed, whole brain Instructions: rest silently, watch a white fixation cross against a black background, remain relaxed and awake Duration: ~8 min	OT = P: OT administration did not modulate the association between increment in severity of emotional abuse and rsFC of right amygdala with pregenual/subgenual ACC and dorsal mPFC
Kovács and Kéri (2015)	BS	N: 41 OT vs. 41 C (matched for age, education, gender) Age: 19–42 yrs. Sex: male, female	Conditions: OT chronic use vs. no OT use (C) Dose: mean of 9 weeks, mean of 4.6 applications per week, mean dose of 35.2 IUs per application	ROI: amygdala seed, whole brain Instructions: fixate on point on screen, let mind wander without falling asleep Duration: ~5 min	OT > C: OT chronic use resulted in increased rsFC of right amygdala and dorsal ACC relative to C
Kumar et al. (2015)	WS	N: 15 Age: 18–33 yrs. Sex: male	Conditions: OT vs. P Dose: 24 IUs	ROI: amygdala seed, whole brain Instructions: keep eyes open, focus on fixation cross on screen. Duration: ~5 min	OT < P: OT administration resulted in reduced rsFC of bilateral amygdala with right precuneus relative to P
Riem et al. (2013)	BS	N: 22 OT vs. 20 C Age: 22–49 yrs. Sex: female	Conditions: OT vs. P Dose: 16 IUs	ROI: amygdala, insula, and PCC seed, whole brain Instructions: close eyes during entire resting state scan Duration: ~6 min	OT = P: OT administration did not modulate rsFC of amygdala and insula (OT administration resulted in increased rsFCs of PCC with cerebellum and brainstem relative to P)
Sripada et al. (2013)	WS	N: 15 Age: 19–54 yrs. Sex: male	Conditions: OT vs. P Dose: 24 IUs	ROI: amygdala seed, whole brain Instructions: relax and keep eyes closed, without falling asleep Duration: ~3 min	OT > P: OT administration resulted in increased rsFC of bilateral amygdala with rostral medial frontal cortex (ACC and mPFC) relative to P

Note. WS = Within-subject design, BS = Between-subject design, OT = Oxytocin, P = Placebo, C = Control group, rsFC = Resting-state functional connectivity, ROI = Region of interest, ACC = anterior cingulate cortex, mPFC = medial prefrontal cortex, PCC = posterior cingulate cortex