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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Sep 28.
Published in final edited form as: Cancer Lett. 2015 Dec 29;380(1):356–358. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.12.028

Figure 1.

Figure 1

The holobiont regulates neoplastic development, growth and invasion via bacterial interactions that modulate systemic inflammatory tone. Earlier microbe exposures stimulate the immune system culminating in robust yet tightly regulated host immunity to rapidly restore homeostasis with minimal collateral tissue damage. Thus, neoplastic development and growth is framed in the context of the holobiont, including native resident microbes or those we choose to engineer for personalized or public health goals.