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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jul 13.
Published in final edited form as: Annu Rev Psychol. 2012;63:129–151. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131631

Figure 6.

Figure 6

In PTSD, reduced extinction recall is associated with failure to activate vmPFC and increased activation of dACC. A. Skin conductance responses normalized to peak acquisition levels show intact fear learning (indexed in early extinction [early ext]), intact extinction learning (late ext), but impaired extinction recall (day 2) relative to controls. B. fMRI data using a contrast of extinguished vs. unextinguished conditioned stimuli in PTSD vs. Controls during extinction recall, showinge hypoactivation of the vmPFC (green circle) and a trend toward hyperactivation of dACC (red circle) in PTSD relative to controls. Adapted from Milad et al. (2009b)