Table 4.
Predictors of Progression to Severe Stiffness/Cirrhosis Among People Who Inject Drugs (PWID) in Chennai, India (n = 663)
| Characteristics | Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (scaled by 10 y) | 1.33 (1.08–1.64) | 1.21 (.91–1.61) | 1.08 (.79–1.49) |
| AUDIT category | |||
| No/mild alcohol use | REF | REF | |
| Harmful/hazardous alcohol use | 0.68 (.38–1.20) | 0.98 (.50–1.91) | — |
| Alcohol dependence | 1.60 (.94–2.71) | 2.14 (1.22–3.75) | |
| Injection duration (scaled by 10 y) | 1.44 (1.14–1.82) | — | — |
| Injection drug use in prior 6 mo | 1.33 (.41–4.31) | — | — |
| Cigarette smoking duration (scaled by 10 y) | 1.35 (1.10–1.66) | — | — |
| Cigarette smoking in prior 6 mo | 0.88 (.54–1.44) | — | — |
| Used marijuana in prior 6 mo | 0.64 (.40–1.03) | — | — |
| HBsAg positive | 0.67 (.25–1.82) | — | — |
| HCV infection, RNA | |||
| HCV antibody negative | REF | ||
| HCV antibody positive, RNA negative | 0.54 (.16–1.83) | — | — |
| HCV antibody positive, RNA positive | 3.85 (2.40–6.19) | ||
| HIV infection/CD4 count (cells/mm3) | |||
| HIV negative | REF | ||
| HIV positive, ≥200 | 1.54 (.93–2.56) | — | — |
| HIV positive, <200 | 2.61 (.91–7.50) | ||
| HIV infection and ART use/ HCV RNA | |||
| HIV negative, HCV RNA negative | REF | REF | REF |
| HIV positive not on ART, HCV RNA negative | 2.13 (.52–8.68) | 2.21 (.51–9.53) | 1.44 (.32–6.49) |
| HIV positive on ART, HCV RNA negative | 1.15 (.35–3.80) | 1.11 (.30–4.03) | 1.04 (.28–3.88) |
| HIV negative, HCV RNA positive | 4.26 (2.50–7.26) | 3.83 (2.26–6.50) | 2.58 (1.46–4.56) |
| HIV positive not on ART, HCV RNA positive | 3.95 (1.70–9.14) | 4.49 (1.98–10.2) | 2.05 (.85–4.97) |
| HIV positive on ART, HCV RNA positive | 5.49 (2.74–11.0) | 6.28 (3.16–12.5) | 5.79 (2.67–12.6) |
| Baseline liver stiffness score (by 1 unit) | 1.61 (1.44–1.79) | — | 1.61 (1.43–1.81) |
| Body mass index (by 2 kg/m2) | 1.15 (1.05–1.25) | 1.18 (1.08–1.28) | — |
| HOMA IR > 2 | 1.52 (.96–2.39) | — | — |
| Steatosis | |||
| Normal | REF | ||
| Mild | 2.06 (1.25–3.39) | — | — |
| Moderate | 2.24 (1.10–4.55) | ||
Abbreviations: AUDIT, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; ART, antiretroviral therapy; HBsAg, surface antigen of the hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HOMA IR, homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance score; HR, hazard ratio from Cox proportional hazards model; REF, reference; RNA, ribonucleic acid.