TABLE 5.

Study characteristics of included human cohort studies¹

Article (y) (ref)	Potential confounders adjusted for in the analysis	Method of status assessment	Method of outcomeassessment	Number at Start with Complete Exposure Data, Loss to Follow-up	Funder
Allen et al. (2013) (42)	Presence of maternal kidney dysfunction at 18 wk gestation, family income, biological father living at home at age 14 y, offspring BMI at age 14 y, and offspring depressive symptoms at age 14 y	EIA	C-EDE; EDE-Q	Baseline: n = 802 Caucasian mothers; follow-up: n = 526 (66%) pairs with available outcome data in adolescence, of which 308 were mother-daughter pairs included in the analyses	Nonprofit
Gale et al. (2008) (43)	No adjustment for potential confounders	RIA	WASI; SDQ	Baseline: n = 466; follow-up: n = 178 with available outcome data at 9 y	Nonprofit
Hanieh et al. (2014) (44)	Maternal age, maternal education, month of blood sampling, maternal BMI, gravidity, maternal depression, and treatment group during RCT	LC-MS	BSID	Baseline: n = 960; follow-up: n = 886	Nonprofit
Keim et al. (2014) (45)	Maternal education, maternal age, parity, race, maternal BMI, marital status, smoking, gestational age, month of blood sampling, and study site	LC-MS/MS	BSID; SBIC; behavior; WISC; WRAT	Baseline: n = 4444; follow-up: 8 mo, n = 3587; 4 y, n = 3146; 7 y, n = 3237	Nonprofit
Morales et al. (2012) (47)	Study site, offspring sex, birth weight, maternal country of origin, maternal age, parental social class, maternal education, parity, maternal prepregnancy BMI, and maternal smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy	HPLC	BSID	Baseline: n = 2389; follow-up: n = 1820	Nonprofit
Strөm et al. (2014) (48)	Parity, maternal age, maternal prepregnancy BMI, maternal smoking during pregnancy, maternal education, offspring sex, and season of blood sampling	LC-MS/MS	Depression and ADHD: first admission diagnosis or medication prescription. Scholastic achievement: mean grade of standardized written exams in grade 9.	Baseline: n = 851; follow-up: n = 798 for scholastic achievement, n = 850 for depression and ADHD	Vitamin D biomarkers in maternal sera were funded by a grant from the Novo Nordisk Foundation.
Sullivan et al. (2013) (49)	Maternal age, parity, maternal BMI, maternal smoking, maternal alcohol intake, maternal symptoms of depression, social economic position of head of household, maternal educational level, housing tenure, and season of blood sampling	LC-MS/MS	PLIKSi	Baseline: n = 6780; follow-up: n = 2399; analysis sample: n = 2047, due to missing data on covariables (n = 352)	Nonprofit
Whitehouse et al.(2012) (50)	For PPVT-R model: maternal age at conception, family income, maternal smoking during pregnancy, offspring parity, and season of blood sampling. Analyses on CBCL were not adjusted for confounders.	EIA	CBCL; PPVT-R	Baseline: n = 813; follow-up: n = 743	Nonprofit
Whitehouse et al.(2013) (51)	Maternal race, maternal alcohol intake during pregnancy, maternal education, family income, offspring gestational age at birth, offspring parity, offspring Apgar scores 5 min after birth, and season of blood sampling	EIA	AQ	Baseline: n = 929; follow-up: n = 406	Nonprofit

¹Baseline: n, number of participants with available 25(OH)D data. ADHD, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder; AQ, autism spectrum quotient; BSID, Bayley Scales of Infant Development; CBCL, child behavior checklist; C-EDE, Child Eating Disorder Examination; EDE-Q, Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire; EIA, enzyme immunoassay; PLIKSi, psychosis-like symptom interview; PPVT-R: Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised; RCT, randomized controlled trials; ref, reference; SBIC, Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale; SDQ, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; WASI, Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence; WISC, Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children; WRAT, Wide Range of Achievement Test; 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D.