TABLE 3.
Comparison of metallothionein and plasma zinc response to zinc supplementation and depletion1
| Metallothionein response |
Plasma zinc response |
|||||
| Response | Day | Response | Day | Notes | Study (reference) | |
| T lymphocytes | ▼ (D) | 49 (earliest) | — | — | Allan et al., 2000 (23) | |
| ▲ (S) | 2 (earliest) | NA | — | Metallothionein returned to baseline with placebo (2 d, earliest) | Aydemir et al., 2006 (19) | |
| ▲ (S) | 84 (earliest) | ▲ (S) | 84 (earliest) | Sharif et al., 2015 (33) | ||
| Granulocytes | ▲ (S) | 4 (2 earliest) | NA | — | Aydemir et al., 2006 (19) | |
| Monocytes | ▲ (S) | 2 (earliest) | NA | — | Metallothionein returned to baseline with placebo (2 d, earliest) | Aydemir et al., 2006 (19) |
| ▲ (S) | 2 (earliest) | ▲ (S) | 2 (earliest) | Metallothionein returned to baseline with placebo (2 d, earliest) | Cao and Cousins, 2000 (20) | |
| ▲ (S) | 6 (earliest) | ▲ (S) | 6 (earliest) | Sullivan and Cousins, 1997 (34) | ||
| ▲ (S) | 2 (earliest) | ▲ (S) | 6 (earliest) | Metallothionein returned to baseline with placebo (4 d, earliest) | Sullivan et al., 1998 (21) | |
| PBMCs | ▼ (D) | 6 (earliest) | ▼ (D) | 8 (3 earliest) | Ryu et al., 2011 (31) | |
| ▲ (S) | 2 (earliest) | ▲ (S) | 2 (earliest) | Metallothionein returned to baseline with placebo (2 d, earliest) | Cao and Cousins, 2000 (20) | |
| ▲ (S) | 4 (earliest) | ▲ (S) | 4 (earliest) | Cao et al., 2001 (26) | ||
| ▲ (S) | 2 (earliest) | — | — | Metallothionein returned to baseline by day 4 of supplementation | Chu et al., 2015 (27) | |
| Erythrocytes | ▼ (D) | 21* (15 earliest) | — | — | *Metallothionein decreased on day 6 of repletion (no change on day 15 of depletion) | Bales et al., 1994 (25) |
| ▼ (D) | 12 (earliest) | — | — | Thomas et al., 1992 (35) | ||
| ▲ (S) | 30 (earliest) | |||||
| ▼ (D) | 7* (1 earliest) | — | — | *Metallothionein decreased on day 1 of repletion (no change on days 1–6 of depletion) | Grider et al., 1990 (28) | |
| ▲ (S) | 7 (earliest) | Metallothionein decreased to baseline after supplementation ceased (7 d, earliest) | ||||
| ▲ (S) | 8 (2 earliest) | ▲ (S) | 2 (earliest) | Metallothionein remained elevated after supplementation ceased (2–4 d) | Cao and Cousins, 2000 (20) | |
| ▲ (S) | 8 (2 earliest) | ▲ (S) | 6 (earliest) | Metallothionein remained elevated after supplementation ceased (4 d) | Sullivan et al., 1998 (21) | |
| Reticulocytes | — (D) | — | ▼ (D) | 8 (3 earliest) | Serum zinc increased by day 3 of repletion (earliest) | Ryu et al., 2011 (31) |
| DBSs | ▲ (S) | 2 (earliest) | NA | — | Metallothionein returned to baseline with placebo (2 d, earliest) | Aydemir et al., 2006 (19) |
| ▲ (S) | 2 (earliest) | ▲ (S) | 2 (earliest) | Metallothionein returned to baseline by day 4 of placebo (2 d, earliest) | Cao and Cousins, 2000 (20) | |
1
*Response was observed during repletion phase. D, depletion; DBS, dried spot of whole blood; NA, not available; PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cell; S, supplementation; ▼, decrease; ▲, increase; —, no change.