TABLE 3.

Summary of human trials investigating the bioavailability and pharmacokinetic variables of cranberry¹

Study, year (ref)	Population	n	Cranberry product and dose	Compounds studied	Variables studied	Timing of measurements
Feliciano et al., 2016 (78)	Healthy young men	10	450 mL CJ	Phenolic metabolites	Plasma AUC, Cmax, Tmax, % urinary recovery	Plasma: 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 h; urine: 0–8 h, 8–24 h
Zhang and Zuo, 2004 (110)	Healthy adults	1	1800 mL, 27% CJ	Flavonoids, phenolic acids, benzoic acids	Plasma and urine concentrations	0, 45, and 270 min
Milbury et al., 2010 (111)	Adults aged 62 ± 8 y with CAD	15	480 mL 54% CJ (835 mg TPs, 94.47 mg ACNs)	ACNs	Plasma AUC, Cmax, Tmax, T1/2 % urinary recovery	0–4 h
Iswaldi et al., 2013 (112)	Adults aged 25–40 y	4	0.6 mL/kg cranberry syrup	Polyphenols, phase I and II phenolic metabolites	Urine concentration	Urine: 0, 2, 4, and 6 h
McKay et al., 2015 (113)	Adults aged ≥50 y	10	54% CJ	Flavonoids, phenolic acids, PACs	Plasma AUC, Cmax, Tmax, antioxidant capacity, urine concentration	Plasma: 0.25, 0.5, 1–6, and 10 h; urine: 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20 h
Walsh et al., 2016 (114)	Healthy women aged 20–30 y	5	237 mL cranberry beverage (140 mg PACs); weekly for 7 wk	PACs	Urine concentration	24 h

¹ACN, anthocyanin, CAD, coronary artery disease; CJ, cranberry juice; Cmax, maximal plasma concentration; PAC, proanthocyanidin; ref, reference; T1/2, biological half-life; Tmax, time to maximal plasma concentration.