Fig. 2.

Divisions of the cingulate cortex and relevance for the processing of vicarious experience (A) Cytoarchitecture of the ACC adapted from Vogt et al. (1995). The areas shaded in green lie in the anterior cingulate sulcus (ACCs) The areas shaded in red lie in the anterior cingulate gyrus (ACCg). Extant evidence suggests the processing of social information is primarily in the gyral portion of ACC (areas 24a’ and 24b’) and extend on average 22 mm posterior and 30 mm anterior the anterior commisure. (B) spinothalamic projections (the major pathway for nociceptive and thermal information) are found in the cingulate sulcus and not the cingulate gyrus. These projections code for “pain” as well as motor control. Figure adapted from Dum et al., 2009 (C) Lesion site of the ACCs (green) and ACCg (red) adapted from Rudebeck et al. (2006). The lesions that affected the gyrus, but not the sulcus, caused disruptions to social behaviour and disrupted the processing of social stimuli. (D) Responses in the ACCg to others pain compared to no pain (labelled aMCC in the figure), taken from a meta-analysis of vicarious pain studies (Lamm et al., 2011). (E-left) Responses of the ACCg to the net-value (cost-benefit) of anothers’ predicted reward compared to no reward (red) taken from Apps & Ramnani, 2014. (E-right). Responses of the ACCg to another person’s likely compared to unlikely reward (red), adapted from Lockwood et al. (2015). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)