Fig. 1.

Study timeline. Study consisted of long-term THP treatment, in which male SD rats received THP (0.3 or 1.0 mg/kg/day, IP) or control solution (NS) for an average period of 7 months, beginning at 3 months of age. Rats first underwent the MWM navigation test during the 6-month THP treatment. After the last navigational training test, probe test were performed three times within 1 week. After a 1-week interval, the open field test was then performed. After completion of behavioral testing, the rats were sacrificed for microarray, immunohistochemistry, immunoblotting, and quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analyses