Table 2.
Cox regression analyses investigating predictors of all-cause mortality for cases (n = 600)
| All-cause mortality | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Univariable | Multivariable | |||||
| HR | 95 % CI | P | HR | 95 % CI | P a | |
| Age | 1.05 | (1.03–1.08) | <0.001 | 1.05 | (1.02–1.08) | <0.001 |
| Male | 1.38 | (0.92–2.07) | 0.12 | 0.80 | (0.45–1.41) | 0.44 |
| Living alone, females | 1.38 | (0.68–2.77) | 0.38 | 1.28 | (0.62–2.64) | 0.50 |
| Living alone, males | 3.33 | (2.14–5.18) | <0.001 | 3.47 | (2.13–5.65) | <0.001 |
| Gender-living alone | 3.11 | (2.12–4.56) | <0.001 | 2.70 | (1.14–6.43) | 0.02 |
| Risk factors | ||||||
| Hypertension | 1.16 | (0.78–1.71) | 0.47 | - | - | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 2.32 | (1.56–3.44) | <0.001 | 2.10 | (1.36–3.24) | <0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 1.01 | (0.63–1.64) | 0.96 | - | - | |
| Smoking | 1.62 | (1.11–2.35) | 0.01 | 1.31 | (0.87–1.96) | 0.20 |
| Socioeconomic and life-style factors | ||||||
| Occupation, lower education | 1.39 | (0.91–2.11) | 0.13 | 1.07 | (0.68–1.68) | 0.79 |
| Sedentary leisure timeb | 1.86 | (1.22–2.84) | 0.006 | 0.76c | (0.36–1.63) | 0.48 |
| 1.51d | (0.87–2.63) | 0.14 | ||||
| Self-perceived psychological stress | 0.79 | (0.48–1.30) | 0.35 | 0.99 | (0.58–1.72) | 0.98 |
| Alcohol consumption >4 times a week | 1.61 | (0.88–2.94) | 0.12 | 1.41 | (0.74–2.68) | 0.30 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| History of coronary heart diseaseb | 2.64 | (1.73–4.04) | <0.001 | 0.80c | (0.36–1.80) | 0.60 |
| 2.33d | (1.34–4.05) | 0.003 | ||||
| History of stroke | 1.19 | 0.76–1.86) | 0.46 | - | - | |
| Stroke severity | ||||||
| Mild, SSS score 43–58 | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Moderate, SSS score 26–42 | 1.94 | (1.25–3.01) | 0.003 | 1.63 | (1.03–2.58) | 0.04 |
| Severe, SSS score 0–25 | 1.30 | (0.69–2.45) | 0.42 | 0.99 | (0.51–1.95) | 0.99 |
| TOAST subtype | ||||||
| Small vessel disease | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Large vessel disease | 3.33 | (1.77–6.30) | <0.001 | 2.75 | (1.42–5.33) | 0.003 |
| Cardioembolic stroke | 3.15 | (1.70–5.82) | <0.001 | 2.80 | (1.44–5.42) | 0.003 |
| Cryptogenic strokeb | 0.81 | (0.40–1.64) | 0.56 | 2.18c | (0.94–5.07) | 0.07 |
| 0.58d | (0.20–1.63) | 0.30 | ||||
| Other determined stroke | 0.79 | (0.29–2.18) | 0.65 | 1.58 | (0.55–4.56) | 0.40 |
| Undetermined stroke | 1.75 | (0.88–3.48) | 0.11 | 1.94 | (0.96–3.93) | 0.07 |
HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, SSS Scandinavian Stroke Scale
aAdjusted for age, sex, living situation, diabetes mellitus, smoking, occupation, leisure physical activity, self-perceived psychological stress, alcohol consumption, history of coronary heart disease, stroke severity, and stroke subtype
bTime-dependent variable was used
cFor 0–4 years
dFor 4–8 years