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. 2016 Jul 12;16:155. doi: 10.1186/s12870-016-0848-7

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© The Author(s). 2016

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 1 — Biosynthetic steps leading to lutein and zeaxanthin production in higher plants. Linear and/or cyclized carotenoids may be converted to apocarotenoids by CCDs. PSY, phytoene synthase; PDS, phytoene desaturase; Z-ISO, ζ-carotene isomerase; ZDS, ζ-carotene desaturase; CRTISO, carotenoid isomerase; LCYb, lycopene β-cyclase; LCYe, lycopene ε-cyclase; HYDs, non-heme di-iron-type carotenoid β-ring hydroxylases; CYPs, cytochrome P450-type carotenoid β- and ε-ring hydroxylases; CCD, carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase