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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Circ Heart Fail. 2015 Dec 23;9(1):e002314. doi: 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.115.002314

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Experimental protocol for transverse aortic constriction (TAC) studies in mice fed either control diet, trimethyamine N-oxide (TMAO), or choline. Mice were fed experimental diets starting at 3 weeks prior to TAC surgery and left ventricular (LV) function and structure were evaluated via two-dimensional echocardiography at 3-week intervals following baseline echocardiography studies at 1 week prior to TAC surgery. Upon completion of the study, mice were sacrificed at 12 weeks for heart and lung weights, cardiac histology and pathology as well as molecular determinations.